Psychology paper 2 2024 Exam Questions And Answers
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Course
AQA Psychology A Level 2021 Paper 2 MS
Institution
AQA Psychology A Level 2021 Paper 2 MS
Outline the way in which Pavlov studied classical conditioning. [4 marks] - ANS detail of Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments into salivation reflex in dogs
• knowledge of Pavlovian concepts in the context of Pavlov's experiments: unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus; un...
Psychology paper 2 2024 Exam Questions
And Answers
Outline the way in which Pavlov studied classical conditioning. [4 marks] - ANS detail of
Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments into salivation reflex in dogs
• knowledge of Pavlovian concepts in the context of Pavlov's experiments: unconditioned
stimulus; conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response; conditioned response
• detail of Pavlovian theory - learning by association; temporal association/contiguity.
Some critics have said that Pavlov's studies may lack ecological validity.
What is meant by the term ecological validity? [2 marks] - ANS the extent to which
behaviours observed and recorded in a study reflect the behaviours that actually occur in the
real world
Jemima and Lily are identical twins. Lily complains to Jemima, "I don't understand it. If we have
the same genes, how come you have clearer skin than me and are much better at netball?"
Jemima laughs and replies, "Lily, we may be identical twins, but we are not identical people."
your knowledge of genotype and phenotype, explain Lily's and Jemima's comments. [4 marks] -
ANS • Lily and Jemima have identical genotypes (genotype refers to the genetic make-up
of an individual)
• Lily and Jemima do not have identical phenotypes (phenotype refers to the observable
characteristics of an individual as a result of their genotype and their environment)
• although Lily and Jemima have the same genes, Jemima might practice netball more or have
started lessons earlier than Lily, these environmental factors may make her better at netball
• although Lily and Jemima have the same genes, Jemima might have a different skin care
routine/diet/sun exposure/etc than Lily, these environmental factors may make her skin clearer
than Lily's
Lily and Jemima have a pet rat, which usually hides in a corner when they try to take it out box
of its cage. They have tried different ways to stop the rat hiding, but so far without success.
Use your knowledge of two types of reinforcement to suggest how Lily and Jemima could train
their rat to come to the cage door when they open it. [6 marks] - ANS positive
reinforcement - when Lily/Jemima open the cage door they can give the rat treats like chocolate
, drops for coming to the cage door when they open it. This will make the rat more likely to come
to the door the next time they open the cage
• negative reinforcement - have something unpleasant like spraying the rat with water or playing
loud music/alarm and then stop this when the rat comes to the door so that over time when they
open the cage the rat will be more likely to come to the door
• schedules of reinforcement - applied to training Lily and Jemima's rat.
Compare the humanistic approach with the psychodynamic approach. [8 marks] - ANS •
determinism - the humanistic approach assumes people have free choice over their behaviour,
whereas the psychodynamic approach assumes that behaviour is determined by unconscious
factors (beyond conscious control)
• nature/nurture - the humanistic approach assumes behaviour is affected by desire to
self-actualise (nature) and our experience can provide barriers to this through conditions of
worth and varying experience of conditional positive regard (nurture). Likewise, the
psychodynamic approach assumes behaviour is driven by unconscious forces, eg
id/ego/superego dynamics (nature) but our coping mechanisms such as defence mechanisms
arise from experience (nurture)
• methodology - both are much less scientific than other approaches (but the psychodynamic
approach assumes that some aspects of behaviour can be investigated scientifically)
• therapy - Rogers believed that counselling (utilising unconditional positive regard) can be
used to help clients solve their problems, overcome conditions of worth and enable their
potential for self-actualisation, whereas Freud believed that psychoanalysis can lead to
improvements in clients through psychotherapy.
Describe the structure and function of a neuron. [6 marks] - ANS • Neurons enable
communication within the nervous system
• the cell body (soma) contains the genetic material
• branch-like dendrites extend from the cell body (often with dendritic spines)
• dendrites carry functional information towards the cell body
• dendrites can receive information from other neurons
• axons carry messages away from the cell body
• axons can be myelinated to increase speed of nerve transmission (saltatory conduction
between nodes of Ranvier)
• terminal boutons are at the end of axons, these make synaptic connections with other cells
• axon terminals contain neurotransmitters.
Studies have identified Broca's area and Wernicke's area as responsible for language.
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