What is meant by the term ecological validity? - ANS the extent to which behaviours observed and recorded in a study reflect the behaviours that actually occur in the real world.
Jemima and Lily are identical twins. Lily complains to Jemima, "I don't understand it. If we have the same ge...
What is meant by the term ecological validity? - ANS the extent to which behaviours
observed and recorded in a study reflect the behaviours that actually occur in the real world.
Jemima and Lily are identical twins. Lily complains to Jemima, "I don't understand it. If we have
the same genes, how come you have clearer skin than me and are much better at netball?"
Jemima laughs and replies, "Lily, we may be identical twins, but we are not identical people."
Using your knowledge of genotype and phenotype, explain Lily's and Jemima's comments. -
ANS Lily and Jemima have identical genotypes (genotype refers to the genetic make-up of
an individual)
• Lily and Jemima do not have identical phenotypes (phenotype refers to the observable
characteristics of an individual as a result of their genotype and their environment)
• although Lily and Jemima have the same genes, Jemima might practice netball more or have
started lessons earlier than Lily, these environmental factors may make her better at netball
• although Lily and Jemima have the same genes, Jemima might have a different skin care
routine/diet/sun exposure/etc than Lily, these environmental factors may make her skin clearer
than Lily's
Lily and Jemima have a pet rat, which usually hides in a corner when they try to take it out box
of its cage. They have tried different ways to stop the rat hiding, but so far without success. Use
your knowledge of two types of reinforcement to suggest how Lily and Jemima could train their
rat to come to the cage door when they open it. - ANS • positive reinforcement - when
Lily/Jemima open the cage door they can give the rat treats like chocolate drops for coming to
the cage door when they open it. This will make the rat more likely to come to the door the next
time they open the cage • negative reinforcement - have something unpleasant like spraying the
rat with water or playing loud music/alarm and then stop this when the rat comes to the door so
that over time when they open the cage the rat will be more likely to come to the door
Compare the humanistic approach with the psychodynamic approach - ANS • determinism
- the humanistic approach assumes people have free choice over their behaviour, whereas the
psychodynamic approach assumes that behaviour is determined by unconscious factors
(beyond conscious control)
• nature/nurture - the humanistic approach assumes behaviour is affected by desire to
self-actualise (nature) and our experience can provide barriers to this through conditions of
worth and varying experience of conditional positive regard (nurture). Likewise, the
psychodynamic approach assumes behaviour is driven by unconscious forces, eg
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