,1. Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a primary
principle of surgical asepsis?
A) Pathogens are present on all objects until they are
sterilized.
B) Sterile objects become unsterile when touched by
unsterile objects.
C) All fluids are considered contaminated.
D) Air pressure in the operating room must be lower than
the pressure in adjacent areas.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The principle of surgical asepsis states that
sterile objects remain sterile only when touched by other
sterile objects. This prevents contamination and maintains a
sterile field during procedures.
2. Fill-in-the-Blank: The ________ is the smallest functional
unit of the kidney involved in the process of urine formation.
Correct Answer: Nephron
Rationale: The nephron is the microscopic structure in the
kidney responsible for filtering blood and forming urine,
making it a crucial component in the urinary system.
3. True/False: The autonomic nervous system is a voluntary
control system.
Correct Answer: False
Rationale: The autonomic nervous system operates
involuntarily and regulates bodily functions such as heart
rate, digestion, and respiratory rate.
, following are considered cardinal signs of inflammation?
A) Redness
B) Heat
C) Swelling
D) Pain
E) Loss of function
Correct Answers: A, B, C, D, E
Rationale: These are the five cardinal signs of
inflammation, which indicate the body's physiological
response to injury or infection.
5. Multiple Choice: What is the primary action of antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)?
A) Increase blood pressure
B) Decrease blood pressure
C) Increase urine output
D) Decrease urine output
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: ADH works on the kidneys to conserve water,
thereby reducing urine output and preventing dehydration.
6. Fill-in-the-Blank: The process by which white blood cells
engulf and digest pathogens is known as ________.
Correct Answer: Phagocytosis
Rationale: Phagocytosis is a critical immune response
where white blood cells, such as macrophages, ingest
harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells.
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