Explain the relationship between the presence of certain elements and types of matter in the solar system relative to distance from the sun. correct answers The suns gravity holds the solar system together, keeping everything from the smallest particles of debris to the biggest in orbit. The surfac...
EASC 101 Final Exam || with Error-free Solutions.
Explain the relationship between the presence of certain elements and types of matter in the solar
system relative to distance from the sun. correct answers The suns gravity holds the solar system
together, keeping everything from the smallest particles of debris to the biggest in orbit. The
surface temperature of planets decrease as the distance from the sun increases. The farther an
object is from the sun, the weaker the Sun's gravitational pull, and the slower the object moves in
orbit.
Nebular Hypothesis correct answers Solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud
called the solar nebula
Differentiate planets, satellites, and planetesimals correct answers A planet is a body orbiting a
star that is big enough to be rounded by its gravity but not massive enough to cause a
thermonuclear reaction.
A satellite is an object in space that orbits around a larger entity. These could be natural or
artificial.
Planetesimals are the building blocks of planets. Asteroids and comets are leftover planetesimals
from the time of formation of our own solar system.
Earth's Core correct answers The extremely hot and dense center of the earth, which is believed
to be composed of iron and nickel. Droplets of iron, nickel, and other heavy metals gravitated to
the center of Earth, becoming the early core.
Earth's Mantle correct answers the part of the earth between the core and the the crust, about
2,900 km thick and makes up nearly 80 percent of the Earth's total volume. The mantle is made
up of magma and rock. The molten material that surrounded the core was the early mantle. Over
millions of years, the mantle cooled.
Lithosphere correct answers The solid, outer layer of the earth that consists of the crust and the
rigid upper part of the mantle. Divergent boundaries occur where new lithosphere is created as
the plates move away from each other, as in mid-ocean ridges.
Asthenosphere correct answers the upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, in
which there is relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection is thought to occur.
Earth's Crust correct answers Earth's outermost layer of rock made up of both dry land and ocean
floor. Crust is formed by a steady segregation of basaltic melt, derived from partial melting of
the mantle, into a crustal magma chamber wherein cooling and crystallization bring about
steady-state accretion to the continuously spreading plates.
Partial Melting correct answers The process by which most igneous rocks melt at seafloor
spreading zones (mid-ocean ridges). Since individual minerals have different melting points,
most igneous rocks melt over a temperature range of a few hundred degrees. If the liquid is
squeezed out after some melting has occurred, a melt with a higher silica content results.
, Chemical Bonds correct answers An attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of
outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain
complete outer electron shells.
Silica Mineral Structures correct answers The crystallographic structures of the silica minerals,
except stishovite, are three-dimensional arrays of linked tetrahedrons, each consisting of a silicon
atom coordinated by four oxygen atoms
Minerals vs. Rocks correct answers A mineral is a naturally occurring substance with distinctive
chemical and physical properties, composition and atomic structure. Rocks are generally made
up of two of more minerals, mixed up through geological processes.
How does Magma form? correct answers 1. Decompression (enables the mantle rock to melt and
form magma)
2. Addition of volatiles (group of elements/chemical compounds that can be readily vaporized)
3. Heat transfer from rising magma
Felsic magma correct answers Describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in feldspars and
silica and that is generally light in color.
Intermediate magma correct answers Magma with a silica content between 53% and 65% and an
overall composition intermediate between mafic and felsic magma
Mafic magma correct answers Magma that is silica poor, low viscosity, releases volatiles, high
density, high temperature
Ultramafic magma correct answers A term used to describe igneous rocks or magmas that are
rich in iron and magnesium and very poor in silica.
Lithification correct answers The process that converts sediments into solid rock by compaction
or cementation.
Diagenesis correct answers a collective term for all the chemical, physical, and biological
changes that take place after sediments are deposited and during and after lithification
High energy environments correct answers Waves/currents
Coarser grain sizes, well sorted to poorly-sorted depending on transportation and constancy of
energy, usually rounded grains
Mixed energy environments correct answers Mixed-energy barrier island systems are typically
short and wider at one end than the other end. Historically, this type of morphology has been
referred to as a drumstick barrier island because of its approximate similarity in shape to the
drumstick of a chicken leg.
Low energy environments correct answers Finer grain sizes
Generally well sorted
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