Exam (elaborations)

NURS 8022 Exam 2

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NURS 8022

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NURS 8022

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Uploaded on September 26, 2024
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Institution NURS 8022
Course NURS 8022

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NURS 8022 Exam 2
1. Apoferritin

2. Hemosiderin - ANSWER✅✅✅1. Ferritin without attached iron - (precursor to ferritin)

2. Ferritin micelles (very small cells) - the storage form of ferritin ▪ Normal in small amounts in spleen,
liver, bone marrow

▪ Can be pathophysiological in large amounts (lung, subcutaneous tissue)

1. Endotoxin vs. 2. Exotoxin - ANSWER✅✅✅1. Contained in the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria
and released during lysis of bacteria

-- Pyrogenic bacteria: activate inflammation and produce fever

2. Enzymes released during growth

-- Damages cell membranes, activates second messengers, inhibits protein synthesis

Active bone marrow sites - ANSWER✅✅✅pelvic bones

vertebrae

cranium

mandible

sternum

ribs

humerus

femur

Active Immunity vs Passive Immunity - ANSWER✅✅✅Natural exposure to foreign antigens (i.e
immunization); slow onset, long-lived

Passive: preformed antibodies from another host (i.e maternal antibodies passed through placenta to
fetus); rapid onset, short-lived

NURS 8022 Exam 2

,NURS 8022 Exam 2
Adaptive Immunity

- Third line of defense - ANSWER✅✅✅More sophisticated/specific, less players, inducible, slower

Destruction of infectious microorganisms that are resistant to inflammation

Long-term highly effective protection against future exposure to the same microorganisms

Products: immunoglobulins (antibodies), lympocytes (T-cells, B-cells)

ADP - ANSWER✅✅✅Prothrombotic

▪ Platelet activation

▪ Stimulate shape change into spiny shape "sticky" to allow for aggregation

Agranulocytes - ANSWER✅✅✅Lymphocytes, NK cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells

No granules

Alcohol Induced Macrocytic Megaloblastic Anemia - ANSWER✅✅✅Large, immature RBCs

- Alcohol interferes with absorption of folic acid (megaloblastic); hbg synthesis (sideroblastic anemia);
erythropoiesis (macrocytosis)

- Anemia reverses with abstinence from alcohol within weeks - self limiting

Alloimmunity - ANSWER✅✅✅Immune reaction to tissues of another individual

Anemia of chronic disease - ANSWER✅✅✅Type of Normocytic-Normochromic Anemias

NURS 8022 Exam 2

,NURS 8022 Exam 2
- Most common in elderly

- Begins as normocytic and progresses to microcytic when advanced

- Likely due to inflammation

- Findings: decreased TIBC, elevated ferritin; (more ferritin/less transferrin)

** Bone marrow can distinguish between IDA and ACD **

Anisocytosis

Poikilocytosis - ANSWER✅✅✅Variation in RBC size

Variation in RBC shape

Anthrax - ANSWER✅✅✅Bioweapon

Microorganism responsible: gram + spore-forming aerobic rod Bacillus anthracis

CM: Prodromal symptoms then brief period of improvement followed by rapid onset of high fever,
severe respiratory distress, shock and death within 24-36 hours

Aplastic Anemia - ANSWER✅✅✅Type of Normocytic-Normochromic Anemias

Red bone marrow is replaced with fat; results in pancytopenia because there are less hematopoietic
cells

Most often caused by autoimmune

S&S: hypoxemia, pallor, weakness, dyspnea, fever

NURS 8022 Exam 2

, NURS 8022 Exam 2

Diagnose via bone marrow biopsy

B Cells - ANSWER✅✅✅• Made in bone marrow; activated B cells create plasma cells which turn into
antibodies

• Responsible for humoral immunity that is mediated by circulating antibodies

• Antibodies bind to antigens on bacteria and viruses

▪ Produce memory cells - able to respond more rapidly and efficiently

Bacterial infection - ANSWER✅✅✅Gram-negative vs gram-positive

Attach through pili - various transmission routes - result In direct confrontation with individual's defense
mechanisms

Basophils - ANSWER✅✅✅(<1%)

Granulocyte

▪ Contain histamine

▪ Increase in: sites of allergic inflammatory reactions, parasitic infection - exoparasites (ticks)

▪ Secrete inflammatory mediators; contribute to local inflammatory response

Bioweapons - ANSWER✅✅✅Anthrax

Botulism

Plague

Smallpox

NURS 8022 Exam 2

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