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ANTHRO 2236: GROWTH DEVLOP AGING - PART 1 || WITH 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS.

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oogenesis correct answers formation of the female gamete - sex cell - eggs in suspended stage of cell division - just before the second meiotic division (2nd division is associated with fertilization) - shed throughout life (number reduces) - aneuploidy increases with age (ovarian hormonal fu...

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oogenesis

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ANTHRO 2236: GROWTH DEVLOP AGING - PART 1 ||
WITH 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS.
oogenesis correct answers formation of the female gamete - sex cell

- eggs in suspended stage of cell division - just before the second meiotic division (2nd division
is associated with fertilization)
- shed throughout life (number reduces)
- aneuploidy increases with age (ovarian hormonal function decreases with age - chromosomal
abnormailitiy)

how is aneuploidy is affected by environmental factors correct answers other new studies have
suggested that the meiotic errors (aneuploidy) are due to both endogenous (aging) and exogenous
(environmental) factors

most likely candidate:
- Bisphenol A - BPA - in many resins, sealants and rubber chemicals - wide spread use in canned
foods (sealant), sports water bottles (pre 2012), plastic food/beverage containers
- ovarian stimulation procedures in assisted reproductive therapies
- radiation exposure, smoking, drinking & oral contraceptive use have been implicated

so do we have all eggs at birth? correct answers the identification of oogonial stem cells in the
adult female suggests that the old model of "all the eggs at birth" is not entirely correct

the identification of these factors in the cue cards above suggests that the onset of menopause
and the increased probability of chromosomal errors may be amenable to treatment and/or
preventative strategies

spermatogenesis correct answers - like oogenesis - the product of meiosis
- germ cell divides twice = 4 "daughter cells"
- but in oogenesis, 3 of the daughter cells don't do anything (polar bodies)
- in spermatogenesis they all do

• sperm produced from puberty throughout life
• aneuploidy does not increase with age in sperm
• but sperm quality (volume, motility etc.) does decrease with age

explain the recent trend in decrease in sperm concentration from 1940s correct answers •
possibly due to environmental factors
- lots of toxins introduced into the environment since 1940
- BPA also affects sperm quality
• including obesity and factors that increase scrotal temperature

fertilization correct answers completion of meiosis

,produces a diploid zygote

how does fertilization occur? correct answers • the sperm make their way up the fallopian tube to
find the waiting oocytes
• one (of many million) penetrates the oocyte membrane
• the oocyte produces enzymes that stop any other sperm from entering
• fertilization involves the last meiotic division of the oocyte
- and the combination of the 23 single chromosomes in the ovum and sperm to produce a
complete diploid 46 chromosomed zygote
- takes ca. 24 hrs. for the process to complete

Lennart Nilsson - 1922-2017 correct answers Swedish photographer led to a discussion of the
definition of the moment when "life" begins

cross-cultural analysis suggests two major widely held and culturally constructed concepts
regarding the beginning of life: what are they? correct answers biological definition: the fetus is
"human" once it is born
• but this categorization doesn't imply social, moral or legal status

social definition: the neonate becomes a "person" once social rites have been performed
• imparts a moral status for the individual
• often includes naming
Attain personhood - life begins

what is the western medical perspective on when life begins correct answers "Development of
the embryo begins at Stage 1 when a sperm fertilizes an oocyte and together they form a zygote."
(England 1996)

what is the law definition of when life starts correct answers • Life = "The state of animated
beings, while they possess the power of feeling and motion. It commences in contemplation of
law generally as soon as the infant is able to stir in the mother's womb" (Bouvier 1843 - "A Law
Dictionary")

• laws prohibiting abortion define life as beginning at fertilization

what do abortion laws indicate about the start of life correct answers In 1969 abortion became
legal in Canada, but it was not her decision, it was the doctors
--> It became the women's decision in 1988
*the dates are not at all important*

an implicit social definition that life begins at birth, as termination of the fetus is not murder

What is the primitive streak? correct answers ... relevant to technological advances in the study
of embryos

The 14 day primitive streak (that determines the cranial and caudal end of the embryo)

, - separates "pre-embryos" and "unborn children"
- Generally not factored into the abortion date
- After this point (14 days) you cannot do any more research (in vitro studies) on the embryo
(Widely adopted by most countries)

zygote correct answers immediately following fertilization the second meiotic cell division is
completed - the resulting cell is called a zygote

once a zygote divides via mitosis, the resulting entity is referred to as an _____________ correct
answers Embryo
--> implementation of the embryo takes place at 6 - 12 days

explain the implementation of the embryo correct answers • changes in the wall of the uterus
make it receptive to implantation - vascularization, cellular differentiation
•communication/signaling between the embryo and the uterus
• the embryo invades the wall of the uterus \
• establishes communication with maternal blood supply
• and forms the yolk sack, amniotic sack and the beginnings of the umbilical chord

what are the early 3 key stages of embryonic development IN ORDER correct answers
gastrulation - establishes head and tail end (formation of the primitive streak)
• cellular differentiation

organogenesis - development of the heart and circulatory system
• heart starts to pump at around 21 days

neurulation - formation of neural tissue
• neural tube and neural crest

embryonic development: weeks 5-8 correct answers • pharyngeal arches start to form the face
and neck
- our "gill slits"
• limb bones start to form
• endochondral - cartilage first followed by ossification
• cerebral hemispheres become visible and peripheral nervous system is defined
• skull begins to form (vault = membranous)
• "tail" disappears

by the end of 8 weeks all limbs and major organs have begun to form - we then process to
FETAL development

fetal development correct answers • teeth
• genitals
• movement begins (quickening - the embryo is moving on its own)
• respiratory system (matured enough to breathe with difficulty if delivered)
• bones (fully formed by week 38)

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