UA BSC 108 Exam 2 Verified 2024
1. How does asexual reproduction differ from sexual reproduction? - ANSWER-Asexual
Reproduction involves one parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical
to each other and to the parent. Sexual Reproduction involves two parents and
produces offspring that are genetically unique.
1. What are alleles? - ANSWER-one of two alternate forms of gene that can have the
same locus on homologous chromosomes and are responsible for alternative traits
1. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? - ANSWER-
Aerobic respiration can only occur in the presence of oxygen, during aerobic respiration
the reactants oxygen and glucose are turned into products carbon dioxide, water, and
ATP. Anaerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is not present, occurs in two steps.
Glycolysis produces ATP from the reactant glucose then fermentation created the lactic
acid, or ethanol, depending on the type of fermentation.
10. Can a woman and a man both with Type A blood have a baby with Type O blood?
Explain your answer. - ANSWER-A person with the blood type A can have one of two
genotypes: AA, or AO. If the person has genotype AA it would be impossible for them to
have a child with blood type O. If the person has genotype AO there would be a 50%
chance of passing on the O allele. The father would also have to pass on an O allele for
the child to have blood type O
10. The third stage of cellular respiration is electron transport. Where in the cell does
electron transport take place? - ANSWER-inner membrane
10. What is meiosis? - ANSWER-a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells
each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cells
11. How does meiosis I differ from meiosis II? - ANSWER-In meiosis II chromosomes
are further separated into sister chromatids. Meiosis I include crossing over or
recombination of genetic material between chromosome pairs, while meiosis II does not
11. List the inputs and outputs of electron transport. - ANSWER-"Input- 10 NADH + H+,
2 FADH2
Output- 10 NAD+, 2FAD, H2O, 34 ATP"
11. What is pleiotropy? - ANSWER-when one gene influences two or more seemingly
unrelated phenotypic traits.
12. Is oxygen required for electron transport? - ANSWER-yes
12. List three ways in which meiosis differs from mitosis. - ANSWER-Mitosis consists of
one stage whereas meiosis consists of two stages. Mitosis produces diploid cells (46
, chromosomes) whereas meiosis produces haploid cells (23 chromosomes). Mitosis
produces two identical daughter cells whereas meiosis produces four genetically
different daughter cells.
13. List three origins of genetic variation. - ANSWER-"a. Independent assortment of
chromosomes
b. Crossing Over
c. Random Fertilization"
13. Which stage of cellular respiration generates the most ATP? - ANSWER-Electron
Transport Chain
14. Describe fermentation in human muscle cells. - ANSWER-Under strenuous
conditions, muscles spend ATP faster than the bloodstream can deliver O2, when this
happen the muscles begin to work anaerobically. After around 15 second muscle cells
begin to generate ATP by the fermentation process
14. How does crossing over contribute to genetic diversity? - ANSWER-by combining
DNA from two parents into a single chromosome
15. What is nondisjunction? - ANSWER-An error in cell division that causes
homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to move to the same side of the dividing
cell
2. Define homozygous and heterozygous. - ANSWER-"1) Homozygous- having identical
alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci
2) Heterozygous- having two different alleles for a trait"
2. How do autotrophs differ from heterotrophs? - ANSWER-autotrophs make their own
energy, heterotrophs must consume other organisms to get their energy
2. What are the two main phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle? - ANSWER-"a. Interphase
b. Mitotic phase"
3. During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA duplicate? - ANSWER-interphase-
chromosome duplication
3. State the law of segregation. - ANSWER-members of a pair of homologous
chromosomes separate during the formation of gametes and are distributed to different
gametes so that every gamete receives only one member of the pair
3. What is the function cellular respiration? - ANSWER-provides cells with energy they
need to function
4. Contrast genotype and phenotype. - ANSWER-genotype is the genetic makeup of an
organism. Phenotype is what an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype
1. How does asexual reproduction differ from sexual reproduction? - ANSWER-Asexual
Reproduction involves one parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical
to each other and to the parent. Sexual Reproduction involves two parents and
produces offspring that are genetically unique.
1. What are alleles? - ANSWER-one of two alternate forms of gene that can have the
same locus on homologous chromosomes and are responsible for alternative traits
1. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? - ANSWER-
Aerobic respiration can only occur in the presence of oxygen, during aerobic respiration
the reactants oxygen and glucose are turned into products carbon dioxide, water, and
ATP. Anaerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is not present, occurs in two steps.
Glycolysis produces ATP from the reactant glucose then fermentation created the lactic
acid, or ethanol, depending on the type of fermentation.
10. Can a woman and a man both with Type A blood have a baby with Type O blood?
Explain your answer. - ANSWER-A person with the blood type A can have one of two
genotypes: AA, or AO. If the person has genotype AA it would be impossible for them to
have a child with blood type O. If the person has genotype AO there would be a 50%
chance of passing on the O allele. The father would also have to pass on an O allele for
the child to have blood type O
10. The third stage of cellular respiration is electron transport. Where in the cell does
electron transport take place? - ANSWER-inner membrane
10. What is meiosis? - ANSWER-a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells
each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cells
11. How does meiosis I differ from meiosis II? - ANSWER-In meiosis II chromosomes
are further separated into sister chromatids. Meiosis I include crossing over or
recombination of genetic material between chromosome pairs, while meiosis II does not
11. List the inputs and outputs of electron transport. - ANSWER-"Input- 10 NADH + H+,
2 FADH2
Output- 10 NAD+, 2FAD, H2O, 34 ATP"
11. What is pleiotropy? - ANSWER-when one gene influences two or more seemingly
unrelated phenotypic traits.
12. Is oxygen required for electron transport? - ANSWER-yes
12. List three ways in which meiosis differs from mitosis. - ANSWER-Mitosis consists of
one stage whereas meiosis consists of two stages. Mitosis produces diploid cells (46
, chromosomes) whereas meiosis produces haploid cells (23 chromosomes). Mitosis
produces two identical daughter cells whereas meiosis produces four genetically
different daughter cells.
13. List three origins of genetic variation. - ANSWER-"a. Independent assortment of
chromosomes
b. Crossing Over
c. Random Fertilization"
13. Which stage of cellular respiration generates the most ATP? - ANSWER-Electron
Transport Chain
14. Describe fermentation in human muscle cells. - ANSWER-Under strenuous
conditions, muscles spend ATP faster than the bloodstream can deliver O2, when this
happen the muscles begin to work anaerobically. After around 15 second muscle cells
begin to generate ATP by the fermentation process
14. How does crossing over contribute to genetic diversity? - ANSWER-by combining
DNA from two parents into a single chromosome
15. What is nondisjunction? - ANSWER-An error in cell division that causes
homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to move to the same side of the dividing
cell
2. Define homozygous and heterozygous. - ANSWER-"1) Homozygous- having identical
alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci
2) Heterozygous- having two different alleles for a trait"
2. How do autotrophs differ from heterotrophs? - ANSWER-autotrophs make their own
energy, heterotrophs must consume other organisms to get their energy
2. What are the two main phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle? - ANSWER-"a. Interphase
b. Mitotic phase"
3. During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA duplicate? - ANSWER-interphase-
chromosome duplication
3. State the law of segregation. - ANSWER-members of a pair of homologous
chromosomes separate during the formation of gametes and are distributed to different
gametes so that every gamete receives only one member of the pair
3. What is the function cellular respiration? - ANSWER-provides cells with energy they
need to function
4. Contrast genotype and phenotype. - ANSWER-genotype is the genetic makeup of an
organism. Phenotype is what an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype
