NUR 351 Exam 3 | Q & A (Complete Solutions)

NUR 351 Exam 3 | Q & A (Complete Solutions) Identify the dependent variable in the following research question: In a group of female adolescents, what is the effect of a web-based HPV vaccine educational program in comparison to face-to-face HPV vaccine educational program on HPV immunization rates? a. HPV immunization rates b. Web-based HPV vaccine program c. Female adolescents d. Face-to-face HPV vaccine program Researchers conducted a randomized control trial to determine the effectiveness of a new drug for depression. What type of research design was used in this study? a. Correlational b. Experimental c. Descriptive d. Quasi-experimental A correlational research design has both a control group and an experimental group. a. True b. False A researcher is studying self-efficacy in a sample of new mothers. Data will be collected at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after birth to determine the level of self-efficacy. What type of research design is most appropriate for this study? a. Cross-sectional b. Longitudinal c. Experimental d. Quasi-experimental In a blind study, only data collectors have information about participants and intervention agents. a. True b. False A nurse researcher plans to study the effect of an innovative educational intervention on teaching adults with chronic lung disease to take their medications. Clinic clients will be randomly assigned to treatment or control groups. Which design would be selected? a. Cross-sectional b. Quasi-experimental c. Non-experimental d. Experimental A nurse researcher plans to study the effect of a nurse residency program on job retention in newly graduated nurses. The study involves a control group of new graduates who did not participate in the residency program. What is the independent variable in this study? a. Nurse residency program b. New-graduate status c. New-graduate nurses d. Job retention A nurse researcher studies the effect of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) on post-operative adult clients' pain levels. What is the dependent variable in this study? a. Adult clients b. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) c. Post-operative status d. Pain level When reviewing research terminology, the nurse defines major terms. When a variable can be manipulated to cause an effect on the dependent variable, what is it called? (Select all that apply.) a. Treatment b. Control variable c. Independent variable d. Intervention e. Dependent variable A staff nurse works with clients receiving chemotherapy as part of a blind study. What design type would always be used in a blind study? a. Non-experimental b. Correlational c. Quasi-experimental d. Experimental A researcher is gathering data for a quantitative study. He knows what info he needs to obtain and can develop appropriate questions to gain this information. What type of data collection method is best to use to collect the necessary information? a. Self-reports b. Focus group c. Biophysiologic measures d. Observations A large number of patient satisfaction surveys indicate inadequate pain control on a surgical unit in an acute care hospital. The chief nursing officer needs to address this issue and asks the nurses on the surgical unit to measure their patient's pain once per shift. Which scale is the most appropriate to use to gather this data? a. Visual analog scale b. Rating scale c. Likert scale d. Faces scale An advantage of using biophysiologic measures to assess clinical variables is the accuracy and precision of the data. a. True b. False Which of the following data collection methods are commonly used in qualitative studies? (Select all that apply.) a. In-depth interviews b. Surveys c. Self-report d. Photographs e. Participant observation In qualitative research studies, the researcher never participate in any way with the social group being observed. a. True b. False A nursing student studies data collection in nursing research. What is the most widely used data collection method by nurse researchers? a. Records b. Biophysologic measures c. Self-reports d. Observation A researcher is planning a study in which pain levels are measured. What is the name of a self-report pain scale that utilizes a straight line measuring 100 mm? a. Faces scale b. 0-10 scale c. Visual analog scale d. Likert scale A researcher is planning a quantitative study on the effect of early ambulation in the hip replacement clients. What data collection methods are appropriate for this quantitative study? (Select all that apply.) a. Self-reports b. Open-ended interviews c. Observation d. Focus groups e. Biophysiologic measures A nurse researcher plans a qualitative study on the experience of miscarriage. Why would interviews be preferable to questionnaires when studying the topic? a. Interviews yield data that are easier to analyze b. Interviews are less expensive c. The quality of the data tends to be higher with interviews d. Interviews require less training on research personnel A nurse studying the problem of ventilator-acquired pneumonia plans for data collection in the intensive care unit. What statement is most accurate regarding measuring biophysiologic variables? a. These variables are difficult to measure with accuracy b. These variable historically conflict with other measures c. These measures are reliable when measured correctly d. These measures often prove insignificant In quantitative study, variables are also known as: a. Theory b. Constructs c. Phenomenon d. Concepts The variables used in research are explicitly defined as variables in the purpose of the study a. True b False The dependent variable influences a change in the independent variable a. True b. False Consider the following research question: is there a relationship between hand washing technique and infection rates on a telemetry unit? Infection rates indicate which type of variable in this research question? a. Continuous b. Directional c. Independent d. Dependent Identify the independent variable in this statement: Adult clients between the ages of 18 and 35 report reduced pain after music therapy a. Reduced pain b. Music therapy c. Adult client d. Ages 18-35 Identify the dependent variable in this statement: Adult clients between the ages of 18 and 65 who smoke 2 packs of cigarettes daily are at increased risk for lung cancer a. Cancer b. Ages 18-65 c. Daily smoking d. Adult clients What would represent a dependent variable in a research study? a. Nursing interventions b. Population demographics c. Population size d. Client satisfaction Which statement is true about variables? (Select all that apply.) a. Variables are often inherent human characteristics b. Researchers sometimes create a variable c. Variables are inherently dependent or independent; if a variable is dependent in one study, it will be dependent in all studies d. The dependent variable corresponds to the "O" (outcome) in PICO questions e. Variables are the central building blocks of quantitative studies In terms of the PICO scheme, the independent variable corresponds to the: a. "P" and "O" b. "C" and "P" c. "I" and "C" d. "O" and "C" Which of the following is a major step in a qualitative research study? a. Developing intervention protocols b. Specifying measures to measure variables c. Gaining entree into research sites d. Identifying the population In quantitative and qualitative research, which is the major step to both research methods? a. Identification of themes b. Statistical analysis c. Formulating a hypothesis d. Protecting human subjects Qualitative research involves a fairly linear process with researchers planning the steps and following those steps as closely as possible. a. True b. False When planning a qualitative study, a literature review is always done before collecting data from key informants a. True b. False The problem statement in a study identifies a(n): a. method to measure variables and collect data b. Intervention protocol c. Knowledge gap d. Research methodology Which steps are part of qualitative study (select all that apply) a. Specifying methods to measure variable and collect data b. Identifying the research problem c. Conceptualizing and planning the study d. Developing intervention protocols e. Doing a literature review In which research process step would the researcher utilize a codebook? a. Disseminating findings b. Defining and describing the knowledge gap or problem c. Selecting a research design d. Analyzing and interpreting results During what step of the research process will the researcher establish if the study design should be quantitative or qualitative? a. Identify and define a knowledge gap b. Implement the study c. Analyze and interpret the results d. Develop a detailed plan What is a major difference between qualitative and quantitative research processes? a. The final phase in qualitative research dissemination of findings, which is not true of quantitative research b. Quantitative research follows a linear progression while qualitative research follows a non-linear progression c. The final phase in quantitative research dissemination of findings, which is not true of qualitative d. Qualitative research follows linear progression while quantitative research follows a non-linear progression. A qualitative researcher is deciding on a strategy to maintain reflexivity. This requires an awareness that the researcher brings a unique set of values and professional identity that may impact the research process. Which strategy is most effective in maintaining reflexivity? a. Hold a focus group with a research team b. Inform the study participants about the researcher's background c. Maintain a journal or diary d. Ask a coinvestigator to collect the data The most common approach to making structured observations in quantitative research is to use a category system for classifying observed phenomena a. True b. False One form of data collection in qualitative research is observation. Recording these observations can be accomplished with field notes. Which of the following are considered categories of field notes? (Select all that apply) a. Descriptive b. Reflective c. Theoretical d. Statistical e. Criterion The data collection process in qualitative research includes which of the following steps? a. Selecting appropriate instruments b. Identifying data needs c. Understanding the role of the researcher d. Measuring variables Which are biophysiologic measures? (Select all that apply.) a. Visual analog scale b. End tidal CO2 c. Blood pressure d. Psychological traits e. Hematocrit What is the most common data collection method used by nurses in quantitative research? a. Self-report b. Biphysiologic measures c. Likert scales d. Focus group interviews When using observational method data collection, what type of information is potentially gathered? (Select all that apply.) a. Environmental conditions b. Verbal communication c. Activities d. Laboratory values e. Nonverbal communication What traits do data collection plans in quantitative studies have? (Select all that apply.) a. Quantifiable b. Highly structured c. Objective d. Evolving fluidity A nurse researcher is interested in the pain perception of first-time teenage mothers. The nurse wants to use the most effective data collection method available. What data collection is best suited for the situation? a. Focus group interviews b. Biophysiologic measures c. Questionnaires d. Interviews What is the most salient threat to the internal validity of nonequivalent control group designs? a. Maturation b. Mortality c. Selection d. History Why is matching a less desirable research strategy than random assignment? a. Matching requires a greater level of administrative cooperation than randomization b. Matching is not appropriate for most research situations c. Matching is more costly than randomization d. For group comparisons, matching cannot control all confounding subject characteristics, but randomization can Which feature is not an essential of an experimental design? a. Control b. Intervention c. Blinding d. Randomization In a randomized controlled trial using a pretest-posttest design in which posttest data are collected 6 months after the intervention, the internal validity of the study would most likely be compromised by the: a. Mortality threat b. History threat c. Selection threat d. Maturation threat A researcher studying the effects of length of nursing home residency on residents' emotional well-being compared 100 residents 1 week after admission with 100 residents who had lived in the nursing home for 6 months. This is an example of a: a. Cross-sectional design b. Longitudinal design c. Crossover design d. Time series design What type of design would be best suited to studying the effect of exposure to cockroach allergens on asthma in children? a. A retrospective case-control design b. A before and after randomized controlled trial design c. A prospective cohort design d. A nonequivalent control group design Although crossover designs are powerful, one limitation is the potential problem of: a. carryover effects b. study costs c.. self-selection d. systematic bias What is the difference between a before:after randomized controlled trial design and a before:after nonequivalent control group (quasi-experimental) design? a. In the experimental design, subjects are assigned to groups at random b. There is no intervention in the nonequivalent control group design c. The experimental design would be appropriate in the laboratory settings and the quasi-experimental design would be appropriate in naturalistic settings d. The experimental design involves using subjects as their own controls, but a quasi-experimental design does not What is not a key aspect of a study's validity? a. Statistical conclusion validity b. Implementation validity c. Internal validity d. External validity A researcher who uses homogeneity as a means of controlling confounding variables pays the price of limiting the studies: a. Internal validity b. Rigor c. Generalizability d. Feasibility