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NURO 545 Exam 1 Questions And Answers Latest Update

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Nur 545

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University Of Alabama - Birmingham

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Publié le 21 octobre 2024
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Écrit en 2024/2025
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Solution 2024/2025
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NURO 545 Exam 1 Questions And Answers
Latest Update

Van der Waals

shifting of electrons between different molecules, weakest bond

Hydrogen bond

H+ bound to nitrogen or oxygen and become positively polarized; slightly
stronger bond

ionic bond

atoms with excess electrons share with atoms with electron deficiency;
stronger bond

Covalent Bond

2 bonding atoms share electrons; strongest bond

Pharmacodynamics

what the drug does to the body' body biological response to drugs

Pharmacokinetics

what the body does to the drug; movement of drugs through the body
(absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion)

Efficacy

the ability of a drug to achieve its desired effect

Potency

drugs have the same efficacy but stronger ; will need a smaller dose

Therapeutic Window

toxic effect vs effective dose; we need enough of a drug to have an effect
but not too much where there is a toxic effect

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Effective dose 50

the point where 50% of individuals may experience an efficacious impact

Toxic dose 50

Dose toxic to 50% of population

Lethal dose

the point where there is a lethal effect

pKa

pH where 50% of the drug is ionized (means it can diffuse across the
membrane)

Agonist

drug that binds to a receptor, produces similar response to the intended
chemical receptor by activating the receptor

Full Agonist

give a drug, that drug binds to receptor

Partial agonist

not the full effect of drug, there is an effect but not the full potential

Inverse Agonist

inactivates free active receptors; a receptor is actively turned on, drug
binds to receptor --> turns off the receptor; has opposite effect of an
agonist

Antagonist

inhibits agonist activity, drug binds to receptor and stops receptors from
producing a response; blocker

Competitive antagonist

knock something off a receptor that is already there and replace; reversible
binding block agonist at an active site

, Solution 2024/2025
Pepper
Non-competitive antagonist

irreversible binding blocks agonist at active or allosteric; bonds and stays
there until effects wears off

Active Site

Receptor

Allosteric site

another site where drug binds to it and morphs the site into a shape where
lock and key wont fit

Hydrophilic

water loving, ionized, requires transport mechanism to cross membranes,
forms H+ bonds, renal excretion

hydrophobic/lipophilic

water-fearing, insoluble, passively diffuse across cell membrane, non-polar,
usually not ionized

ways drugs cross cell membranes

passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, CNS
penetration

Absorption

getting into body (PO, IV, transdermal, SL), rate and extent to which a drug
leaves its site of admin

Bioavailability

the amount of drug that reaches systemic circulation (that is the amount
that becomes active)

Factors that modify absorption

higher concentration, circulation, drug solubility, surface area

Advantages of PO administration

safe, convenient, economical painless, systemic infection less likely

, Solution 2024/2025
Pepper
Disadvantages of PO admin

destruction in harsh GI environment, passage along GI tract, slow delivery,
first pass metabolism, non-ionized, lipophilic drug favored

Advantage of parenteral route

rapid delivery, high bioavailability, no hepatic first pass, no harsh GI
environment

disadvantage of parenteral route

irreversible, pain/fear, increased risk of infection

Advantages of mucous membrane

rapid, no hepatic first pass, no harsh GI environment

disadvantages of transdermal

requires drugs with lipophilicity, slow delivery, irritation

advantages of transdermal

simple, convenient, painless, no hepatic first pass, no harsh GI environment,
continuous admin

Distribution

drugs going from blood into target tissue

Factors affecting distribution

cardiac output, local blood flow, capillary permeability, tissue volumes,
degree of binding of the drug to plasma and tissue proteins

Vd

volume of distribution (the larger VD the farther the extent of distribution)

Metabolism

how the body breaks down the drug; inactivating the drugs

Site of metabolism

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