DOD Cariology EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWER
At what age is a child's oral microflora established? - answer>>>2 years old
How is the oral microflora transmitted? - answer>>>vertically from mother to child and
horizontally among family members
What is precision medicine? - answer>>>an emerging approach for disease treatment and
prevention that takes into account individual variability in genes, environment, and lifestyle for
each person
What is beneficence? - answer>>>benefitting the patient
What is non maleficence? - answer>>>not harming the patient
What is an I-Thou relationship? - answer>>>coined by Martin Buber, an interpersonal
relationship between two unique subjects who recognize themselves and each other as such
What other body systems does the oral cavity connect to? - answer>>>GI and respiratory
What is the definition of severe early childhood caries? - answer>>>-any sign of smooth surface
caries in a child younger than 3
-dmft of 1 or more in primary maxillary anterior teeth in a child 3-5 years old
-dmft of 4 or more in a 3-year-old
-dmft of 5 or more in a 4-year-old
-dmft of 6 or more in a 5-year-old
What is the AXIN 2 gene? - answer>>>associated with tooth agenesis and colorectal cancer
,What is Safer v Pack? - answer>>>case that ruled that a physician has a duty to warn the child
of a patient of a genetic risk
What are the 4 P's of 21st century healthcare? - answer>>>preventative care, personalized
care, predictive care, participatory partnership care
What is the definition of early childhood caries? - answer>>>dmft of 1 or more in any primary
tooth in a child 71 months of age or younger
What are the functions of saliva? - answer>>>maintain homeostasis of the oral environment,
antiviral, antibacterial, lubrication, facilitate tasting and swallowing
What are biomarkers? - answer>>>substances that can be measured and evaluated and serve
as indicators of biologic health, pathogenesis, and pharmacologic response
What are the two roles of biomarkers? - answer>>>screening and monitoring
What is screening vs monitoring? - answer>>>screening analyzes the entire genome,
monitoring assesses biomarkers that can identify disease progression
What is the sturcture of coronavirus? - answer>>>single stranded RNA virus enveloped by lipid
membrane with spike proteins protruding
What are the steps in the life cycle of viruses? - answer>>>attachment to host cell, penetration
through membrane, synthesis of viral proteins, maturation into new viral particles, release of
new viral particles
What receptor mediates attachment of SARS-CoV-2? - answer>>>ACE2
,Where is ACE2 expressed? - answer>>>lung alveolar epithelial cells, oral mucosal epithelial
cells, tongue epithelial cells
Why is COVID-19 associated with taste loss? - answer>>>invasion of taste cells by virus- taste
cells have ACE2 receptors
What is stage 1 of viral host response? - answer>>>antiviral defense
cells secrete low levels of antiviral IFN
What is stage 2 of viral host response? - answer>>>cytokine storm
exhuberant inflammatory host response
induces lung injury
What is lymphocytopenia? - answer>>>T cells are suppressed in infected patients
What are some risk factors for severe COVID outcomes? - answer>>>age, chronic disease, social
determinants of health, viral genetics, host genetics
What are genetic risk assessment biomarkers? - answer>>>can be used to assess an individual's
risk of severe disease
What are diagnostic biomarkers? - answer>>>can be used to detect stages of disease and
monitor disease trajectory
What is the C3 gene? - answer>>>plays a critical role in virus induced inflammation
detection and phagocytosis of pathogens
SNPs can affect viral load of SARS-CoV-2
, What is the ACE2 gene? - answer>>>codes for ACE2 receptors, which are the main host
receptors involved in SARS-CoV-2
SNPs can affect viral load of SARS-CoV-2
What is the TTSP gene? - answer>>>codes for TTSP enzyme, which cleaves ACE2 to allow for
attachment of spike protein
SNPs can increaee viral load of SARS-CoV-2
What is the T2R38 gene? - answer>>>encodes for bitter receptors that mediate an
antimicrobial NO response to decrease SARS-CoV-2 severity
What types of taste do T2Rs respond to? - answer>>>sweet, bitter, and umami
What types of taste do T1Rs respond to? - answer>>>sweet
What is the T1R gene? - answer>>>encodes proteins for sweet type I receptors that do not
contain antimicrobial NO response, increasing the risk of SARS-CoV-2
What is the DEFB1 gene? - answer>>>provides instructions for antimicrobial peptide implicated
in resistance of epithelial surfaces to colonization
What is the CD56bright gene? - answer>>>codes for protein that causes a weakened response
from NK cells
What is the OAS gene? - answer>>>codes for antiviral enzymes that chew up viral RNA
What is the Chinese oral microbiome study? - answer>>>studied oral microbiome of children
with severe early childhood caries and no caries
certain core groups play a role in transition process of caries
ANSWER
At what age is a child's oral microflora established? - answer>>>2 years old
How is the oral microflora transmitted? - answer>>>vertically from mother to child and
horizontally among family members
What is precision medicine? - answer>>>an emerging approach for disease treatment and
prevention that takes into account individual variability in genes, environment, and lifestyle for
each person
What is beneficence? - answer>>>benefitting the patient
What is non maleficence? - answer>>>not harming the patient
What is an I-Thou relationship? - answer>>>coined by Martin Buber, an interpersonal
relationship between two unique subjects who recognize themselves and each other as such
What other body systems does the oral cavity connect to? - answer>>>GI and respiratory
What is the definition of severe early childhood caries? - answer>>>-any sign of smooth surface
caries in a child younger than 3
-dmft of 1 or more in primary maxillary anterior teeth in a child 3-5 years old
-dmft of 4 or more in a 3-year-old
-dmft of 5 or more in a 4-year-old
-dmft of 6 or more in a 5-year-old
What is the AXIN 2 gene? - answer>>>associated with tooth agenesis and colorectal cancer
,What is Safer v Pack? - answer>>>case that ruled that a physician has a duty to warn the child
of a patient of a genetic risk
What are the 4 P's of 21st century healthcare? - answer>>>preventative care, personalized
care, predictive care, participatory partnership care
What is the definition of early childhood caries? - answer>>>dmft of 1 or more in any primary
tooth in a child 71 months of age or younger
What are the functions of saliva? - answer>>>maintain homeostasis of the oral environment,
antiviral, antibacterial, lubrication, facilitate tasting and swallowing
What are biomarkers? - answer>>>substances that can be measured and evaluated and serve
as indicators of biologic health, pathogenesis, and pharmacologic response
What are the two roles of biomarkers? - answer>>>screening and monitoring
What is screening vs monitoring? - answer>>>screening analyzes the entire genome,
monitoring assesses biomarkers that can identify disease progression
What is the sturcture of coronavirus? - answer>>>single stranded RNA virus enveloped by lipid
membrane with spike proteins protruding
What are the steps in the life cycle of viruses? - answer>>>attachment to host cell, penetration
through membrane, synthesis of viral proteins, maturation into new viral particles, release of
new viral particles
What receptor mediates attachment of SARS-CoV-2? - answer>>>ACE2
,Where is ACE2 expressed? - answer>>>lung alveolar epithelial cells, oral mucosal epithelial
cells, tongue epithelial cells
Why is COVID-19 associated with taste loss? - answer>>>invasion of taste cells by virus- taste
cells have ACE2 receptors
What is stage 1 of viral host response? - answer>>>antiviral defense
cells secrete low levels of antiviral IFN
What is stage 2 of viral host response? - answer>>>cytokine storm
exhuberant inflammatory host response
induces lung injury
What is lymphocytopenia? - answer>>>T cells are suppressed in infected patients
What are some risk factors for severe COVID outcomes? - answer>>>age, chronic disease, social
determinants of health, viral genetics, host genetics
What are genetic risk assessment biomarkers? - answer>>>can be used to assess an individual's
risk of severe disease
What are diagnostic biomarkers? - answer>>>can be used to detect stages of disease and
monitor disease trajectory
What is the C3 gene? - answer>>>plays a critical role in virus induced inflammation
detection and phagocytosis of pathogens
SNPs can affect viral load of SARS-CoV-2
, What is the ACE2 gene? - answer>>>codes for ACE2 receptors, which are the main host
receptors involved in SARS-CoV-2
SNPs can affect viral load of SARS-CoV-2
What is the TTSP gene? - answer>>>codes for TTSP enzyme, which cleaves ACE2 to allow for
attachment of spike protein
SNPs can increaee viral load of SARS-CoV-2
What is the T2R38 gene? - answer>>>encodes for bitter receptors that mediate an
antimicrobial NO response to decrease SARS-CoV-2 severity
What types of taste do T2Rs respond to? - answer>>>sweet, bitter, and umami
What types of taste do T1Rs respond to? - answer>>>sweet
What is the T1R gene? - answer>>>encodes proteins for sweet type I receptors that do not
contain antimicrobial NO response, increasing the risk of SARS-CoV-2
What is the DEFB1 gene? - answer>>>provides instructions for antimicrobial peptide implicated
in resistance of epithelial surfaces to colonization
What is the CD56bright gene? - answer>>>codes for protein that causes a weakened response
from NK cells
What is the OAS gene? - answer>>>codes for antiviral enzymes that chew up viral RNA
What is the Chinese oral microbiome study? - answer>>>studied oral microbiome of children
with severe early childhood caries and no caries
certain core groups play a role in transition process of caries
