Describe the characteristics of apoptosis. Correct Answer-A programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed.
Necrosis: characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction. Hypoxia is the #1 major cause of cellular injury leading to ne...
MARYVILLE PATHO 611 EXAM 1:
WUNDERLICH questions with correct answers
Describe the characteristics of apoptosis. Correct Answer-A
programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed.
Necrosis: characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure,
organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction. Hypoxia is the #1 major
cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis especially to the kidneys and
heart. (Myocardial infarction)
Page 52: What's new: Current research supports that after muscle heart
injury that stem cells exist in the heart and differentiate into various
cardiac cell lineages and is profoundly changing the understanding of
myocardial biology!!
Cellular adaptation: Hypertrophy Correct Answer-Increase in size of cell
Another cellular adaptation that can actually be beneficial is hypertrophy
of myocardial cells such as an endurance training-this is referred to as
physiologic hypertrophy. Versus pathologic hypertrophy that occurs
secondary to HTN.
,Cellular adaptation: Hyperplasia Correct Answer-Increase in number of
cells
Compensatory: removal of 70% off liver-can regenerate in about 2
weeks.
Pathologic: endometrial hyperplasia
Cellular adaptation: Metaplasia Correct Answer-Replacement of cells
Normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have
been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Can be reversed if
irritant is stopped.
Cellular metabolism: During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level have on cells? Correct Answer-ATP
= energy BUT needs oxygen - aerobic metabolism
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-
phosphate (Na+, K+) pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which
leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and
diffusion of potassium out of the cell. (The Na+, K+ pump is discussed
in chapter one). Sodium and water then can enter the cell freely, and
cellular swelling results.
Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis) Correct Answer-Results when
oxygen reserves are depleted.
, Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which
diseases? Correct Answer-A free radical is an electrically uncharged
atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron. Having one
unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, it gives
up an electron to another molecule or steals one. Therefore, it is capable
of injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates—key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
Cardiovascular, HTN, IHD. Emerging data indicate that reactive oxygen
species play major roles in the initiation and progression of
cardiovascular alterations associated with hyperlipidemia, diabetes
mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and chronic heart failure.
Cellular injury: What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomes during
chemical injury? Correct Answer-Lysosomes: Enzymatic digestion of
cellular organelles, including the nucleus and nucleolus, ensues, halting
synthesis of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Fatty Liver Correct Answer-Ethanol: Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol
to acetaldehyde which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes
helps detoxify ethanol - if not functioning properly the ethanol is turned
to Fat in the liver
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Correct Answer-The cell component most
vulnerable to the target of radiation.
Aging and the cell/tissues:
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller cracker. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $15.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
