Describe the function of the following cellular structures or organelles:
nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, peroxisomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, plasma membrane correct answers Nucleus: has DNA and code for how to make proteins
Rough ER: ribosomes attached, synthesiz...
Exam 1 - NROS 310 (Lec 1 - 12) || with 100% Error-free
Solutions.
Describe the function of the following cellular structures or organelles:
nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, peroxisomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, golgi
apparatus, plasma membrane correct answers Nucleus: has DNA and code for how to make
proteins
Rough ER: ribosomes attached, synthesize proteins and put them into vesicles
Ribosomes: bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins
Peroxisomes: holds catalase (to protect against Reactive oxygen species ROS)
Lysosomes: holds degradative enzymes
Plasma membrane: regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm.
Golgi: secretion and intracellular transport
If all cells in an organism have the same genomic DNA, what makes a liver cell different than a
neuron? correct answers Different DNA segments are expressed and transcribed into mRNA,
which translates to different proteins, allowing the cells to carry out different functions as the
protein-protein interactions are different. The cellular environments activates different pathways
that regulate gene expression. Transcription factors regulate chromatin structure and regulate
transcription of DNA to RNA by recruiting an RNA polymerase to start making more mRNA.
What are the nucleotides that make up DNA and how do they interact? What are the benefits of
having two strands of DNA rather than a single sequence? correct answers Adenine, Thiamine,
Guanine and Cytosine interact by hydrogen bonding.
The benefit of having two strands rather than a single sequence is that there are essentially two
copies of the blueprints that make us who we are rather than one. This is useful if one of the
strands mutated or dysfunctional.
What is the definition of a gene? correct answers Sequence of DNA that encodes for a functional
product and all the sequences that regulate its expression
What is the definition of chromatin? correct answers Genetic material composed of protein, RNA
and DNA that makes up the contents of the nucelus. Packaging all the DNA so that it can fit into
the nucleus.
What is the function of histones and why are they necessary? correct answers To package DNA
into structural units called nucleosomes to condense the strands so that all the DNA could be
packed together.
, What is a nucleosome? correct answers Structural unit of eukaryotic chromosome consistent with
length of DNA coiled around a core of histones. DNA wrapped around a histone wrapped around
other histones.
Define the following: genome, allele, genotype, phenotype. correct answers Genome- complete
set of genes and genetic material present in an organism
Allele- A form of a gene that appears on a particular location on a particular chromosome that
sequence variations of the same characteristic. Alternative forms of genes
Genotype- The specific set of alleles forming the genome of an individual
Phenotype- physical/ visible characteristics of an individual influenced by genotype and
environment
What is meant by dominant and recessive mutations in
A.) classical genetics terms and B.) biochemical terms? correct answers A- Dominant mutation is
when one copy of the mutation is more prevalent than wild type and two copies of recessive wild
type
B- Dominant adds function while recessive removes function
Is genetics destiny? Is it possible to have a mutation that normally causes disease and not show
any symptoms? correct answers Genetics are on a continum and you dont really know when they
will strike. Like you may have an allele for breast cancer but its more of a statisical probability
but you dont know when. The environment, stress for example, and genes involved matter in
how symptoms or gene may be expressed. You can't change the genes that you have, but it is
possible to have a mutation that normally causes disease and not show any symptoms.
Partially penetrant
Dominant and recessive are oversimplified
Multiple genes involved in phenotype
Could live in an environment it doesn't affect mutation
Could be a carrier of the phenotype
What is the normal inheritance pattern of recessive and dominant mutations? Punnett squares are
acceptable answers. correct answers Only one copy of dominant copy is necessary while two
recessive copies are necessary
What does it mean for a mutation to be partially penetrant? correct answers To have a mutation
of a specific gene that is associated with genetic disorder but do not develop features of the
disorder. Same genotypes but a percentage shows different phenotype. Based purely on
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