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NSG 532 Exam 2 Questions and Answers with Verified Solutions 2024 Graded A

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What are the 3 functional anatomical elements of the endocrine system? -Correct Answer Primary Endocrine Glands Accessory Endocrinocytes all over the body systems Hormones What is the function of the endocrine system? -Correct Answer Control functions of other systems in the body to mainta...

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NSG 532 Exam 2

NSG 532 Exam 2 Questions and Answers with
Verified Solutions 2024 Graded A
What are the 3 functional anatomical elements of the endocrine system? -Correct
Answer ✔Primary Endocrine Glands

Accessory Endocrinocytes all over the body systems

Hormones

What is the function of the endocrine system? -Correct Answer ✔Control functions of
other systems in the body to maintain physiologic homeostasis

How is the endocrine system controlled? -Correct Answer ✔By nerve impulses,
neurotransmitters, and the hormones produced by itself

Describe the overall steps of endocrine communication -Correct Answer ✔1. Starts
w/stimulation -- usually a change in internal/external environment
2. Endocrine cells produce hormones
3. The signal (hormone) travels through blood circulation
4. The hormone reaches a target cell w/receptors for the hormone
5. Ligand binds to receptor
6. Creates a signal transduction
7. Signal transduction leads to a physiologic response

What can endocrine cells be stimulated by? -Correct Answer ✔Homeostatic changes in
biomolecules and minerals in the plasma (Na, K, Ca, GLU, etc)

By other hormones (example hypothalamic hormones and pituitary hormones

By nerve impulses and neurotransmitters

By immune responses ---pro/anti inflammatory cytokines

What is the difference between Endocrine and Exocrine glands? -Correct Answer
✔Endocrine --closed--release hormones into the bloodstream

Exocrine--open--release hormones directly onto body surfaces/cavities

What are the main endocrine glands?
What is a defining feature of all these glands? -Correct Answer ✔Hypothalamus

Pituitary Gland

NSG 532 Exam 2

,NSG 532 Exam 2

Pineal Gland

They are neuroendocrine glands --contain both endocrine and nervous tissues

What are the secondary endocrine glands? Why are they called secondary? -Correct
Answer ✔Thyroid

Parathyroid

Thymus

Adrenals

Pancreas

Ovaries

Testis

These glands are controlled by the main glands. They produce the terminal hormones

What is an example of a mixed gland? -Correct Answer ✔Pancreas

Has both exocrine and endocrine functions

Describe neuroendocrine cells -Correct Answer ✔Relay information between the
endocrine system and the nervous system

Receive Neuronal Input from the ANS and release hormones into blood

Major center of neuroendocrine integration is the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

Example is the neuroendocrine glands of the adrenal medulla

What are the three classes of hormones? -Correct Answer ✔Peptide/Protein Hormones

Amine Hormones

Steroid Hormones

Describe the process of biosynthesis of peptide/protein hormones -Correct Answer ✔A
stimulus interacts with a hormonal gene

The hormonal gene transcribes an mRNA

The mRNA is translated in ribosomes to form a Pre-Prohormone

NSG 532 Exam 2

,NSG 532 Exam 2

The Pre-Prohormone undergoes post-translational modifications in the RER to become
a Pro-Hormone

The Pro-Hormone undergoes post-translational modifications in the Golgi to become an
Active Hormone

Active hormones are taken by secretory vesicles and transported to the cell membrane

They are exocytosed into the bloodstream to reach their targets

Describe characteristics of peptide/protein hormones -Correct Answer ✔Polar,
hydroPHILIC, and lipid INSOLUBLE

Soluble in plasma -- can be transported freely in the blood

Have G-Protein coupled receptors that use second messenger transduction systems

Regulate metabolic reactions/gene expression and regulation

Give examples of peptide/protein hormones -Correct Answer ✔Hypothalamic Hormones
Pituitary Hormones
Calcitonin -Thyroid
PTH
Thymic Hormones
Pancreatic Hormones
Most hormones produced by endocrine cells in kidneys, stomach, SI, heart, liver, bone
marrow

MOST hormones are peptide/protein hormones

Describe the biosynthesis of steroid hormones -Correct Answer ✔Cholesterol enters the
SMOOTH Endoplasmic Recticulum

Forms the backbone of the hormone, transferred to Golgi for processing

Steroid hormone from Golgi body is packaged into secretory vesicles and exocytosed
into blood plasma

In plasma, must have a bonding protein for transport since it is lipophillic

Describe characteristics of steroid hormones -Correct Answer ✔Synthesized from
cholesterol

Non-Polar, lipophillic

NSG 532 Exam 2

, NSG 532 Exam 2

Require blood carrier proteins for transport

Cytoplasmic and/or nuclear receptors

Change gene expression regulation directly

2 classes -- corticosteroids and sex steroids

What are examples of steroid hormones? -Correct Answer ✔Corticosteroids of adrenal
cortex -- aldosterone, cortisol, androgen

Sex steroid hormones of testis -- testosterone, DHT

Sex steroid of ovaries -- estrogen, progesterone

Renal Calcitriol

What are the amine hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine derived from? -Correct
Answer ✔A single tyrosine amino acid

Made in the adrenal medulla

Addition of chemical groups differentiates them

What are the amine hormones Tetraiodothyronine and Triiodothyronine made from? -
Correct Answer ✔Hormones are derived from the combination of two iodinated tyrosine
amino acid residues

What is the amine hormone Melatonin derived from? -Correct Answer ✔Derived from
amino acid tryptophan

Hydroxylation + decarboxylation of tryptophan generates serotonin neurotransmitter

Acetylation and methylation of serotonin neurotransmitter yields production of melatonin

What are some characteristics of amine hormones? -Correct Answer ✔Synthesized
from amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan

Include epinephrine, norepinephrine, T3/T4, and melatonin

Have properties common to both peptide (hydrophillic) and steroid hormones
(hydrophobic)

Epi/Norepi/Melatonin act on G protein coupled receptors

T3/T4 bind on nuclear membrane

NSG 532 Exam 2

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