BBH 310 Exam 2 questions || with 100% Accurate Solutions.
A researcher studies how choices parents make about sending kids to preschool and grade school
can influence infectious illness. In one project, she tests the hypothesis that children who are
homeschooled for pre-K and grade school are at greater risk for getting infectious mononucleosis
("mono") in college. She recruits senior college students, asks about history of schooling when
young, and asks whether they got mono in college. This research design is:
- An observational study
-Involves both observational and experimental components
-Neither
-An experimental study correct answers an observational study
When is it more appropriate to do an experimental study than an observational study:
-To study the health benefits of a type of psychotherapy
-To study the health effects of cocaine addiction
- To study the health differences between genders
- None of these are appropriate for experimental designs correct answers To study the health
benefits of a type of psychotherapy
Which variable is most likely to be manipulated during an experiment?
Aggression
Stress
Age
Ethnicity correct answers stress
A researcher abbreviates the description of the research design like this
NOOO
Is this study observational or experimental?
-Experimental
observational correct answers observational
A retrospective case-control study is published reporting a statistically significant relationship
between anger at one's spouse and risk of automobile accidents. However, a critical reader
doubts whether the anger observed in the study actually caused the automobile accidents,
because it's not established whether the anger actually occurred before the accidents or after the
accidents. Thus, the research findings are called into question over the issue of:
Plausibililty
Precedence
Plausibililty
,Association correct answers precedence
Three of these are key rules for deciding if a single study is providing evidence for causation,
and one is not. Which is the one that is not a key rule for deciding if a study can be interpreted as
causal?
Researchers use statistical control to account for effects of confounders
Researchers assign subjects to different levels of the independent variable at random
Researchers manipulate the independent variable
Researchers use experimental control to hold confounders constant correct answers Researchers
use statistical control to account for effects of confounders
Listed below are three true reasons why observational studies have advantages over experimental
studies. However, one statement is a true reason why experiments are better than observational
studies--which is it?
You have fewer problems with confounding variables
You have fewer problems with the ethics of manipulating variables
You can study the effects of dangerous drugs of abuse
You can study the effects of dangerous drugs of abuse correct answers You have fewer
problems with confounding variables
A nutritionist is studying childhood dietary factors that might influence risk of asthma in
Mexico. The researcher finds a statistically significant relationship between asthma and
consumption of a food called poc chuc. This food is a local tradition in the Caribbean part of
Mexico where most people are descended from Mayan people. Could some person variables
confound the relationship between the food and asthma?
yes
no correct answers yes
Which of the following is generally true?
Experiments are better for eliminating ethical conundrums than observational studies
Experiments are better for eliminating demographic confounders than observational studies
Experiments make it easier to do random sampling of the population than observational studies
Experiments are better for studying the health consequences of violence than observational
studies correct answers Experiments are better for eliminating demographic confounders than
observational studies
Adding a baseline measurement of the outcome variable to a clinical trial helps us to
Prevent sampling bias in convenience sampling
Determine if that variable changed after the treatment
Eliminate the need for a randomized control group correct answers Determine if that variable
changed after the treatment
, Which is true about extraneous variables?
-They only trick the researchers into misinterpreting the results when they relate to both the
independent variable and the dependent variable.
- They can trick the researchers into misinterpreting the results when they relate to either the
independent variable or the dependent variable.
-They always trick the researchers to make insignificant things look significant and vice versa.
correct answers They only trick the researchers into misinterpreting the results when they relate
to both the independent variable and the dependent variable.
A researcher studies the relationship between consumption of fructose and diabetes. The
researcher has three variables about each participant: how much fructose the person usually eats
(estimated from surveys about the person's typical diet), the person's age, and diabetes status
(whether the person says they have been diagnosed with diabetes or not). The researcher
hypothesizes that consumption of fructose causes a fatty liver which screws with some hormones
that then leads to insulin resistance which then progresses to full blown diabetes. The researcher
finds that age is associated with risk of diabetes (older people are more likely to have diabetes)
but not with fructose intake (people of all ages have similar fructose intake). Based on these
results, age is likely
-Not a confounder because it is not related to the predictor
-A confounder
- Not a confounder because it is not extraneous
- Not a confounder correct answers Not a confounder because it is not related to the predictor
A popcorn salesman/amateur researcher studies the effects of watching funny movies on fatigue
by surveying people on their energy level as they walk out of the movie theater on a scale of 1-
10, depending on whether the movie was a comedy or a different type. He thinks a good laugh
will reinvigorate the psyche and dispel fatigue. However, he is concerned about time of day
effects--while he was collecting data, the comedies tended to more often be earlier in the day
than the non-comedies. Also, as expected, fatigue does change with time of day. Thus, time of
day is
-A confounder
-Not a confounder because it was a mechanism of the hypothesis of interest
- Not a confounder because it was unrelated to the predictor of interest
-Not a confounder because it was unrelated to the outcome of interest
-Not a confounder for multiple reasons above correct answers A confounder
Researchers investigate the correlation between height (tallness) and blood estrogen levels. They
analyze their data two different ways, first including all people in their sample (both genders)
and second including only women. The first results show a significant correlation between height
and estrogen levels (taller people have lower estrogen). The second results show no significant
A researcher studies how choices parents make about sending kids to preschool and grade school
can influence infectious illness. In one project, she tests the hypothesis that children who are
homeschooled for pre-K and grade school are at greater risk for getting infectious mononucleosis
("mono") in college. She recruits senior college students, asks about history of schooling when
young, and asks whether they got mono in college. This research design is:
- An observational study
-Involves both observational and experimental components
-Neither
-An experimental study correct answers an observational study
When is it more appropriate to do an experimental study than an observational study:
-To study the health benefits of a type of psychotherapy
-To study the health effects of cocaine addiction
- To study the health differences between genders
- None of these are appropriate for experimental designs correct answers To study the health
benefits of a type of psychotherapy
Which variable is most likely to be manipulated during an experiment?
Aggression
Stress
Age
Ethnicity correct answers stress
A researcher abbreviates the description of the research design like this
NOOO
Is this study observational or experimental?
-Experimental
observational correct answers observational
A retrospective case-control study is published reporting a statistically significant relationship
between anger at one's spouse and risk of automobile accidents. However, a critical reader
doubts whether the anger observed in the study actually caused the automobile accidents,
because it's not established whether the anger actually occurred before the accidents or after the
accidents. Thus, the research findings are called into question over the issue of:
Plausibililty
Precedence
Plausibililty
,Association correct answers precedence
Three of these are key rules for deciding if a single study is providing evidence for causation,
and one is not. Which is the one that is not a key rule for deciding if a study can be interpreted as
causal?
Researchers use statistical control to account for effects of confounders
Researchers assign subjects to different levels of the independent variable at random
Researchers manipulate the independent variable
Researchers use experimental control to hold confounders constant correct answers Researchers
use statistical control to account for effects of confounders
Listed below are three true reasons why observational studies have advantages over experimental
studies. However, one statement is a true reason why experiments are better than observational
studies--which is it?
You have fewer problems with confounding variables
You have fewer problems with the ethics of manipulating variables
You can study the effects of dangerous drugs of abuse
You can study the effects of dangerous drugs of abuse correct answers You have fewer
problems with confounding variables
A nutritionist is studying childhood dietary factors that might influence risk of asthma in
Mexico. The researcher finds a statistically significant relationship between asthma and
consumption of a food called poc chuc. This food is a local tradition in the Caribbean part of
Mexico where most people are descended from Mayan people. Could some person variables
confound the relationship between the food and asthma?
yes
no correct answers yes
Which of the following is generally true?
Experiments are better for eliminating ethical conundrums than observational studies
Experiments are better for eliminating demographic confounders than observational studies
Experiments make it easier to do random sampling of the population than observational studies
Experiments are better for studying the health consequences of violence than observational
studies correct answers Experiments are better for eliminating demographic confounders than
observational studies
Adding a baseline measurement of the outcome variable to a clinical trial helps us to
Prevent sampling bias in convenience sampling
Determine if that variable changed after the treatment
Eliminate the need for a randomized control group correct answers Determine if that variable
changed after the treatment
, Which is true about extraneous variables?
-They only trick the researchers into misinterpreting the results when they relate to both the
independent variable and the dependent variable.
- They can trick the researchers into misinterpreting the results when they relate to either the
independent variable or the dependent variable.
-They always trick the researchers to make insignificant things look significant and vice versa.
correct answers They only trick the researchers into misinterpreting the results when they relate
to both the independent variable and the dependent variable.
A researcher studies the relationship between consumption of fructose and diabetes. The
researcher has three variables about each participant: how much fructose the person usually eats
(estimated from surveys about the person's typical diet), the person's age, and diabetes status
(whether the person says they have been diagnosed with diabetes or not). The researcher
hypothesizes that consumption of fructose causes a fatty liver which screws with some hormones
that then leads to insulin resistance which then progresses to full blown diabetes. The researcher
finds that age is associated with risk of diabetes (older people are more likely to have diabetes)
but not with fructose intake (people of all ages have similar fructose intake). Based on these
results, age is likely
-Not a confounder because it is not related to the predictor
-A confounder
- Not a confounder because it is not extraneous
- Not a confounder correct answers Not a confounder because it is not related to the predictor
A popcorn salesman/amateur researcher studies the effects of watching funny movies on fatigue
by surveying people on their energy level as they walk out of the movie theater on a scale of 1-
10, depending on whether the movie was a comedy or a different type. He thinks a good laugh
will reinvigorate the psyche and dispel fatigue. However, he is concerned about time of day
effects--while he was collecting data, the comedies tended to more often be earlier in the day
than the non-comedies. Also, as expected, fatigue does change with time of day. Thus, time of
day is
-A confounder
-Not a confounder because it was a mechanism of the hypothesis of interest
- Not a confounder because it was unrelated to the predictor of interest
-Not a confounder because it was unrelated to the outcome of interest
-Not a confounder for multiple reasons above correct answers A confounder
Researchers investigate the correlation between height (tallness) and blood estrogen levels. They
analyze their data two different ways, first including all people in their sample (both genders)
and second including only women. The first results show a significant correlation between height
and estrogen levels (taller people have lower estrogen). The second results show no significant
