©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
MDSC 321 Second Midterm Exam
Questions and Answers 100% Solved
Types of Antigens - ✔✔- Infection(bad foreign)
- gut flora(good foreign)
- cancer(bad self)
- autoimmunity(good self)
what's recognizes antigens? - ✔✔- adaptive immune system
- innate only can recongize PAMPS
what are antigens? - ✔✔- molecule that can interact(specifically) w
immunoglobulin(Ig) receptor of B cells(or T cell receptor complexed w
MHC)
- cells see it
immunogen - ✔✔- molecule that induces specific immune response
- all immunogens are antigens
- not all antigens are immunogens
- in a western blot detected by antibodies, there are only antigens and no
immunogens because no immune response
,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
- a ligand for B cells in vivo would be antigen and immunogen because
response can be initiated
humoral immunogens - ✔✔- B cells
- proteins>polysaccahrides> lipids/nucleic acid
cells mediated immunogens - ✔✔- T cells
- proteins, some lipids, some glycolipids
- slow and picky
- need help
- proteins not recognized directly
- processed peptides from protein seen in association w MHC molecules,
lipids w an MHC-like molecule CD1
what are the 4 properties of an immunogen? - ✔✔- foreigness
- molecular size
- chemical heterogeneity
- degradability
foreigness - ✔✔- to be an immunogen, molecule must be seen as non self
- degree of immunogenicity depends on degree of foreigness
- greater the phylogenetic distance btw species typically greater chance of
immunogenicity
,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
- eg. bovine serum albumin injected into chickens/goats
what are exceptions of the foreigness property of an immunogen? - ✔✔-
highly conserved molecules like collogen or cytochrome c may not be
immunogenic even in distant species
- some self molecules, normally sequestered from immune system, will
raise an immune response(eg. sperm or lens tissue) in animal they come
from
molecular size - ✔✔- correlation btw size and immunogenicity
- best immunogens in the range of 100,000 Da
- small molecules 5-10, 000 Da generally poor immunogens
- need to be large enough to be processed
chemical heterogeneity - ✔✔- size alone doesn't make good immunogen
- synthetic homopolymers not immunogenic regardless of size
- large co-polymers can be immunogenic and adding aromatic amino acids
increases the chance
- proteins w higher complexity in primary structure and those showing
secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure increase immunogenicity
degradability - ✔✔- protein degraded to be presented by MHC molecules to
activate T cells
, ©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
- factors influencing this process affect immunogenicity
- insoluble>soluble bc more likely to be phago. and processed
- large>small (more processing and more epitopes)
- L amino acids>D amino acids(works w processing enzymes
how can we make an antigen more immunogenic? - ✔✔adjuvants
adjuvants - ✔✔- change envir. for better response
- to help
- substance that when injected w Ag, it enhances immunogenicity of Ag
- resulting in higher antibody titer and longer lasting immune response
- not specific to an antigen but can be used w many diff. antigens
adjuvant mechanism step 1 - ✔✔- stimulate immune response
- freund's complete adjuvant, containing muramyl dipeptides from cell walls
of heat killed myobacteria stimulate macrophage activity
- increase in IL-1 helps activate helper T cells
- synthetic polyribonucleotides and baterial LPS stimulates non specific
lymphocyte proliferation
- some stimulate local chronic inflammation and granuloma
formation(freund's complete)
MDSC 321 Second Midterm Exam
Questions and Answers 100% Solved
Types of Antigens - ✔✔- Infection(bad foreign)
- gut flora(good foreign)
- cancer(bad self)
- autoimmunity(good self)
what's recognizes antigens? - ✔✔- adaptive immune system
- innate only can recongize PAMPS
what are antigens? - ✔✔- molecule that can interact(specifically) w
immunoglobulin(Ig) receptor of B cells(or T cell receptor complexed w
MHC)
- cells see it
immunogen - ✔✔- molecule that induces specific immune response
- all immunogens are antigens
- not all antigens are immunogens
- in a western blot detected by antibodies, there are only antigens and no
immunogens because no immune response
,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
- a ligand for B cells in vivo would be antigen and immunogen because
response can be initiated
humoral immunogens - ✔✔- B cells
- proteins>polysaccahrides> lipids/nucleic acid
cells mediated immunogens - ✔✔- T cells
- proteins, some lipids, some glycolipids
- slow and picky
- need help
- proteins not recognized directly
- processed peptides from protein seen in association w MHC molecules,
lipids w an MHC-like molecule CD1
what are the 4 properties of an immunogen? - ✔✔- foreigness
- molecular size
- chemical heterogeneity
- degradability
foreigness - ✔✔- to be an immunogen, molecule must be seen as non self
- degree of immunogenicity depends on degree of foreigness
- greater the phylogenetic distance btw species typically greater chance of
immunogenicity
,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
- eg. bovine serum albumin injected into chickens/goats
what are exceptions of the foreigness property of an immunogen? - ✔✔-
highly conserved molecules like collogen or cytochrome c may not be
immunogenic even in distant species
- some self molecules, normally sequestered from immune system, will
raise an immune response(eg. sperm or lens tissue) in animal they come
from
molecular size - ✔✔- correlation btw size and immunogenicity
- best immunogens in the range of 100,000 Da
- small molecules 5-10, 000 Da generally poor immunogens
- need to be large enough to be processed
chemical heterogeneity - ✔✔- size alone doesn't make good immunogen
- synthetic homopolymers not immunogenic regardless of size
- large co-polymers can be immunogenic and adding aromatic amino acids
increases the chance
- proteins w higher complexity in primary structure and those showing
secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure increase immunogenicity
degradability - ✔✔- protein degraded to be presented by MHC molecules to
activate T cells
, ©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
- factors influencing this process affect immunogenicity
- insoluble>soluble bc more likely to be phago. and processed
- large>small (more processing and more epitopes)
- L amino acids>D amino acids(works w processing enzymes
how can we make an antigen more immunogenic? - ✔✔adjuvants
adjuvants - ✔✔- change envir. for better response
- to help
- substance that when injected w Ag, it enhances immunogenicity of Ag
- resulting in higher antibody titer and longer lasting immune response
- not specific to an antigen but can be used w many diff. antigens
adjuvant mechanism step 1 - ✔✔- stimulate immune response
- freund's complete adjuvant, containing muramyl dipeptides from cell walls
of heat killed myobacteria stimulate macrophage activity
- increase in IL-1 helps activate helper T cells
- synthetic polyribonucleotides and baterial LPS stimulates non specific
lymphocyte proliferation
- some stimulate local chronic inflammation and granuloma
formation(freund's complete)
