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Exam (elaborations)

MDSC 321 Second Midterm Exam Questions and Answers 100% Solved

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MDSC 321 Second Midterm Exam Questions and Answers 100% Solved Types of Antigens - - Infection(bad foreign) - gut flora(good foreign) - cancer(bad self) - autoimmunity(good self) what's recognizes antigens? - - adaptive immune system - innate only can recongize PAMPS what are antigens? - - ...

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  • November 1, 2024
  • 61
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • MDSC
  • MDSC
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NinjaNerd
©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
MDSC 321 Second Midterm Exam

Questions and Answers 100% Solved


Types of Antigens - ✔✔- Infection(bad foreign)

- gut flora(good foreign)

- cancer(bad self)

- autoimmunity(good self)

what's recognizes antigens? - ✔✔- adaptive immune system

- innate only can recongize PAMPS

what are antigens? - ✔✔- molecule that can interact(specifically) w

immunoglobulin(Ig) receptor of B cells(or T cell receptor complexed w

MHC)

- cells see it

immunogen - ✔✔- molecule that induces specific immune response

- all immunogens are antigens

- not all antigens are immunogens

- in a western blot detected by antibodies, there are only antigens and no

immunogens because no immune response

,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
- a ligand for B cells in vivo would be antigen and immunogen because

response can be initiated

humoral immunogens - ✔✔- B cells

- proteins>polysaccahrides> lipids/nucleic acid

cells mediated immunogens - ✔✔- T cells

- proteins, some lipids, some glycolipids

- slow and picky

- need help

- proteins not recognized directly

- processed peptides from protein seen in association w MHC molecules,

lipids w an MHC-like molecule CD1

what are the 4 properties of an immunogen? - ✔✔- foreigness

- molecular size

- chemical heterogeneity

- degradability

foreigness - ✔✔- to be an immunogen, molecule must be seen as non self

- degree of immunogenicity depends on degree of foreigness

- greater the phylogenetic distance btw species typically greater chance of

immunogenicity

,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
- eg. bovine serum albumin injected into chickens/goats

what are exceptions of the foreigness property of an immunogen? - ✔✔-

highly conserved molecules like collogen or cytochrome c may not be

immunogenic even in distant species

- some self molecules, normally sequestered from immune system, will

raise an immune response(eg. sperm or lens tissue) in animal they come

from

molecular size - ✔✔- correlation btw size and immunogenicity

- best immunogens in the range of 100,000 Da

- small molecules 5-10, 000 Da generally poor immunogens

- need to be large enough to be processed

chemical heterogeneity - ✔✔- size alone doesn't make good immunogen

- synthetic homopolymers not immunogenic regardless of size

- large co-polymers can be immunogenic and adding aromatic amino acids

increases the chance

- proteins w higher complexity in primary structure and those showing

secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure increase immunogenicity

degradability - ✔✔- protein degraded to be presented by MHC molecules to

activate T cells

, ©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
- factors influencing this process affect immunogenicity

- insoluble>soluble bc more likely to be phago. and processed

- large>small (more processing and more epitopes)

- L amino acids>D amino acids(works w processing enzymes

how can we make an antigen more immunogenic? - ✔✔adjuvants

adjuvants - ✔✔- change envir. for better response

- to help

- substance that when injected w Ag, it enhances immunogenicity of Ag

- resulting in higher antibody titer and longer lasting immune response

- not specific to an antigen but can be used w many diff. antigens

adjuvant mechanism step 1 - ✔✔- stimulate immune response



- freund's complete adjuvant, containing muramyl dipeptides from cell walls

of heat killed myobacteria stimulate macrophage activity

- increase in IL-1 helps activate helper T cells

- synthetic polyribonucleotides and baterial LPS stimulates non specific

lymphocyte proliferation

- some stimulate local chronic inflammation and granuloma

formation(freund's complete)

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