Praxis Principles of Learning and
Teaching: Grades 7-12 PLT
Bandura - Answer- Theorist - "Social Learning Theory" Children learn by observing
others. Model behaviors and skills. Cognitive and Behavioral.
1. attention
2. retention
3. motor reproduction
4. motivation
Bruner - Answer- Theorist - Cognition - "Constructivist Theory." Discovery learning
and scaffolding. Learning is an active process, learners construct ideas based on
knowledge or past experiences. Instruction should allow students to discover
information by themselves (dialog).
(1) predisposition towards learning, (2) the ways in which a body of knowledge can
be structured so that it can be most readily grasped by the learner, (3) the most
effective sequences in which to present material, and (4) the nature and pacing of
rewards and punishments
Dewey - Answer- Learning Through Experience and father of progressive education.
Project-based learning, cooperative learning. Learning is a process of living. Teach
children to be problem solvers. "Just Dew it"
Piaget - Answer- Theorist (Biology and Philosophy) - "Genetic Epistemology." -
wanted to know how knowledge developed in human organisms 4 Stages of
Cognitive Development. sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, and
formal operations.
sensorimotor (Piaget) - Answer- (0-2 years), intelligence takes the form of motor
actions.
preoperations (Piaget) - Answer- (3-7 years) Intelligence is intuitive in nature.
concrete operations (Piaget) - Answer- (8-11 years) Intelligence is logical but
depends upon concrete referents.
Assimilation - Answer- involves the interpretation of events in terms of existing
cognitive structure
accommodation - Answer- refers to changing the cognitive structure to make sense
of the environment
Vygotsky - Answer- Theorist - The major theme of Vygotsky's theoretical framework
is that social interaction plays a fundamental role in the development of cognition.
, cognitive development depends on Zone of Proximal Development (what the student
can do with help). "social development theory of learning." Cognitive.
Kohlberg - Answer- Theory of moral development (pre-conventional, conventional,
and post-conventional). theorist
Bloom - Answer- His taxonomy of learning domains - impact the way educators
writer learning objectives, plan learning activities, and assess student performance.
Thorndike - Answer- Connectionism. Learning theorist. (cat in box experiment)
Law of Effect: any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be
repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be
stopped.
Learning is the result of associations forming between stimuli and responses. Such
associations or "habits" become strengthened or weakened by the nature and
frequency of the S-R pairings.
Watson - Answer- Founder of behaviorism (also called learning theory).
controversal - he conditioned fear of white rats and other furry objects in "Little
Albert," an orphaned 11-month-old boy.
Skinner - Answer- pioneer of Operant conditioning - believed everything we do is
determined by our past history of reinforcements and punishments.
Erikson - Answer- Ego Psychologist. discusses psychosocial stages. Influenced by
Freud. Created 8 Psychosocial Stages.
Stage 2 - Answer- Crisis: Autonomy vs. Shame
Virtue: Will
Age: Early Childhood 1.5-3
Stage 3 - Answer- Crisis: Initiative vs. guilt
Virtue: Purpose
Age: Play Age 3-5
Stage 4 - Answer- Crisis: Industry vs. Inferiority
Virtue: Competency
Age: School Age 5-12
Stage 5 - Answer- Crisis: Ego identity vs. Role confusion
Virtue: Fidelity
Age: Adolescence 12-18
Stage 6 - Answer- Crisis: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Virtue: Love
Age: Young Adult 18-40
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