These well-structured notes provide an in-depth overview of molecular biology, tailored for university-level studies. Covering foundational topics like DNA structure, replication, transcription, and translation, the notes also delve into advanced concepts such as gene regulation, the central dogma,...
1. Structure and Function of Biological Macromolecules
DNA: The structure of DNA is a double helix made of nucleotides. It stores
genetic information, and its replication is a crucial process in cell division.
Proteins: Proteins are made of amino acids and perform a variety of
functions, including enzymatic activity, structural support, and signal
transmission.
RNA: RNA is involved in the transcription process (copying DNA into mRNA)
and translation (mRNA to protein synthesis) in cells.
2. The Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Interphase: Comprises the G1, S, and G2 phases. During the S phase, DNA
replication occurs.
Mitosis: The process by which a cell divides its chromosomes into two
daughter cells. This process is tightly regulated to ensure accurate genetic
material distribution.
Meiosis: A specialized type of division that reduces chromosome numbers by
half, leading to the formation of gametes (sperm and egg cells).
3. Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation
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