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BIO 94 FINAL Questions and Answers
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BIO 94 FINAL Questions and Answers proximate causation HOW behavior occurs (genetic, neural, hormonal mechanisms, etc.) ultimate causation WHY behavior occurs (evolutionary history and function) batesian mimicry a harmless species that copies phenotypes of species that is protecte...

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  • November 25, 2024
  • 68
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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  • bio 94 final questions and answers
  • proximate causation how behavior occurs genetic
  • ultimate causation why behavior occurs evolutiona

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BIO 94 FINAL Questions and Answers
proximate causation - answer HOW behavior occurs (genetic, neural, hormonal
mechanisms, etc.)

ultimate causation - answer WHY behavior occurs (evolutionary history and function)

batesian mimicry - answer a harmless species that copies phenotypes of species
that is protected

what are the two kinds of messages? - answer signals and signs (cues)

signals - answer behavioral, morphological and physiological traits fashioned and
maintained by NS because they convey information to other organisms

what are the two types of signals? - answer honest and deceptive

honest signal - answer reliable signals contain correct/useful information

deceptive signal - answer contain false/misleading information

communication networks have 2 categories of participants, what are they? - answer
sender and receiver

deceitful signals - answer stable if receivers typically benefit from responding to them

why did signals evolve? - answer to benefit the sender

what are the two types of sexual selection? - answer intrasexual and intersexual

intersexual selection - answer individuals vary in attractiveness to opposite sex
- chooses the mate

intrasexual selection - answer individuals vary in their ability to compete with
members of their own sex
-compete for mates

Parental investment (PI) - answer any investment in individual offspring tat increases
chances that offspring will survive/reproduce, while decreasing parent's ability to invest
in additional offspring

what do the parental investments invest in? - answer time, nutrition, resources

do males of females have a greater PI? - answer typically females

,what are the consequences of parental investment for sexual selection? - answer -
population sex ratios ten towards 1:1 (balancing selection)
- sex with a greater PI is a limiting resource for the sex with lower PI

consequences of PI for SS - answer the sex with greater PI (female) is a limiting
resource for the sex with lower PI (male)

- greater male-male competition for mates

- greater benefit for females to be choosy of mates

General patterns of PI - answer 1) Higher PI --> low potential reproductive rate -->
exercise choice of mates --> improve fitness by QUALITY of mates

2) Lower PI --> high potential reproductive rate --> compete for mates --> improve
fitness by quantity of mates

What happens when males have a higher PI than females? - answer competition
among females rather than the other way around

What happens when males control the resources? - answer - lack of female control
over mate choice

- intense male-male competition

What are some signals used to attract mates? - answer 1) advertisements of
resources
- may increase # of offspring female produces

2) advertisements of genetic quality: bright colors, long plumes, etc.
- may increase quality of offspring female produces
- ambiguity of signal function

population ecology - answer study of how and why population size changes over
time

what is a species' range? - answer it's its geographic distribution

- dynamic

- influenced by biotic and abiotic factors

population density - answer ##/ unit area

- density varies over range

,demography - answer study factors that determine population size/ structure over
time

what are the key factors of demography? - answer -birth
-death
-immigration
-emigration

life table - answer summary of probability that female survives and reproduces over
any interval of time

-used to describe and predict population dynamics

Why do life table analyses focus on females rather than males? - answer because
the number of males in a population has less influence on population dynamics

age class (x) - answer group of individuals of a specific age (0,1,2,3, etc.) where
numbers refers to days, weeks, years)

what are the components of a life table? - answer - age class (x)
- number of survivors (Nx)
-survivorship (lx)

survivorship - answer proportion of individuals (females) that survives to a particular
age

how many types of survivorship curves are there? - answer 3

what are the three types of survivorship curves? - answer - type I
- type II
-type III

age- specific fucundity (mx) - answer average # daughters produced by a female in
each age class

life history - answer description of sequence of events from conception to death,
including resource allocation to survival, growth, and reproduction

- resources are finite

- form a continuum

-fecundity vs. survivorship

what are the competing demands? - answer growth, survival, reproduction

, increased allocation to reproduction lead to what? - answer reduced survival

high fecundity organisms - answer -grow quickly
-mature at young age
-produce many small eggsor seeds

high survivorship organism - answer - grow slowly
-invest time/ energy in survival and competitive ability

population growth - answer when birth + immigration > deaths + emigration

b= per capita birth rate
d= per capita death rate

r= per capita rate of increase= b-d

intrinsic rate fo growth - answer maximum growth rate = rmax

when does exponential growth occur? - answer if r is constant > 0

- when a few individuals found a new population

how many types of exponential growths are there? - answer two

what are the types of exponential growth? - answer - exponential growth followed by
crash

-exponential growth followed by leveling off

logistic growth - answer as N -> K, population growth rate -> 0

carrying capacity (K) - answer the maximum number of individuals that can be
supported over a sustained period of time

- K varies with biotic and abiotic conditions

- K changes over time

population size is impacted by what? - answer density independent factors (abiotic)

density- dependent factors (biotic)

density- independent factors - answer - abiotic

-weather

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