McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology 9e Julia Rogers Test Bank | Full Chapters
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
Rogers: McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology, 9th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
a. Cells can produce proteins.
b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes.
c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
d. Cells can synthesize fats.
ANS: C
In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their surroundings. The
remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular metabolic absorption.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
2. Where is most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Lysosome
ANS: C
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA, most of the cellular
DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its activity. The mitochondria are
responsible for cellular respiration and energy production. Ribosomes’ chief function is to provide sites for
cellular protein synthesis. Lysosomes function as the intracellular digestive system.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to remove hydrogen
atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
a. Lysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosome
ANS: B
Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms
from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces H2O2, which is a powerful oxidant and
potentially destructive if it accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes. Ribosomes are RNA-protein
complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through
pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes. Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate
from the Golgi complex and contain more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which catalyze
bonds in proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. An endosome is a vesical that has been pinched
off from the cellular membrane.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell injury?
a. Ribosome
b. Golgi complex
, McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology 9e Julia Rogers Test Bank | Full Chapters
c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
d. Lysosomes
ANS: D
The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive enzymes within the
lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix. Disruption of the
membrane by various treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the lysosomal enzymes, which can
then react with their specific substrates, causing cellular self-digestion. The chief function of a ribosome is to
provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. The Golgi complex is a network of flattened, smooth vesicles and
membranes often located near the cell nucleus. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in steroid
hormone production and removing toxic substances from the cell.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
5. Which cAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone?
a. Increased heart rate and force of contraction
b. Secretion of cortisol
c. Increased retention of water
d. Breakdown of fat
ANS: C
Antidiuretic hormone leads to increased retention of water in the body. Epinephrine causes increases in heart
rate and force of contraction. Increased cortisol secretion is due to ACTH. Breakdown of fat is due to
glucagon.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
a. G1
b. S
c. G2
d. M
ANS: B
The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is the period between the
M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S phase (S = synthesis), during which DNA is
synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3) the G2 phase, during which RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period
between the completion of DNA synthesis and the next phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which includes
nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as receptors, transport
channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?
a. Lipids
b. Proteases
c. Proteins
d. Carbohydrates
ANS: C
Proteins have several functions, including acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and
enzymes to drive active pumps Lipids help act as the “glue” holding cell membranes together. Proteases
cause the breakdown of protein. Carbohydrates are involved in cellular protection and lubrication and help
produce energy via oxidative phosphorylation.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
, McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology 9e Julia Rogers Test Bank | Full Chapters
8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades may be useful in designing drug therapy for which
human diseases?
a. Cardiac and vascular disorders
b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders
c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders
d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders
ANS: B
Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing drug interventions.
Dysregulation of proteases features prominently in many human diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity,
and neurodegenerative disorders. Cardiac, vascular, gastrointestinal, renal, and endocrine disorders do not
involve this process.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
9. Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma membrane?
a. Carbohydrate chains
b. Glycoprotein channels
c. Membrane channel proteins
d. Lipid bilayer
ANS: D
The bilayer’s structure accounts for one of the essential functions of the plasma membrane. It is impermeable
to most water-soluble molecules (molecules that dissolve in water) because the water-soluble molecules are
insoluble in the oily core region. The bilayer serves as a barrier to the diffusion of water and hydrophilic
substances while allowing lipid-soluble molecules, such as oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), to diffuse
through it readily. Carbohydrate chains, glycoprotein channels, and membrane channel proteins do not
prevent water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the cell membrane.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
10. A student asks for an explanation of the absolute refractory period of the action potential. What response by
the professor is best?
a. A stronger than normal impulse will evoke another response.
b. No stimulus is able to evoke another response at this time.
c. Multiple stimuli can produce more rapid action potentials.
d. The hyperpolarized state means a weaker stimulus produces a response.
ANS: B
During the absolute refractory state of the action potential, no stimulus is able to evoke another response
from the cell. A stronger than normal impulse may generate a response in the relative refractory period. This
period of time is not related to the number of stimuli. A hyperpolarized state means a stronger than normal
stimulus would be needed to generate a response.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
11. Which form of cell communication is used to within the cell itself and with other cells in direct physical
contact?
a. Protein channel (gap junction)
b. Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules
c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters
d. Extracellular chemical messengers such as ligands
ANS: B
, McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology 9e Julia Rogers Test Bank | Full Chapters
Cells communicate in three main ways; they display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules that affect
the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact with it, they affect receptor proteins inside the target
cell, and they form protein channels (gap junctions) that directly coordinate the activities of adjacent cells.
Neurotransmitters are released by neurons and cross the synaptic cleft to communicate with the cells they
innervate. Ligands are involved in binding processes.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
12. Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells some distance away?
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Hormonal
ANS: D
Chemical signaling can be classified into three categories: (1) local-chemical mediator, (2) hormone, and (3)
neurotransmitter. Hormones are released by one set of cells and travel through tissues or the bloodstream to
another set of cells where they produce a response by those cells. In paracrine signaling, cells secrete local
chemical mediators that are quickly absorbed, destroyed, or immobilized. Paracrine signaling requires close
membrane-to-membrane contact. Paracrine signaling usually involves different cell types; however, cells
also may produce signals that they, themselves, respond to, which is called autocrine signaling.
Neurotransmitters are released by neurons and cross the synaptic cleft to communicate with the cells they
innervate.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
13. Which mode of chemical signaling uses local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed, or
immobilized?
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Hormone
ANS: A
In paracrine signaling, cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed, or
immobilized. Autocrine signaling occurs when the target cells produce signals that they themselves respond
to. Neurotransmitters are released by neurons and cross the synaptic cleft to communicate with the cells they
innervate. Hormones are released by one set of cells and travel through tissues or the bloodstream to another
set of cells where they produce a response by those cells.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
14. Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by binding to which structure?
a. Lipids
b. Ribosomes
c. Amphipathic lipids
d. Receptors
ANS: D
In each type of chemical signaling, the target cell receives the signal by first attaching to its receptors. The
other options do not correctly describe this process.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
15. How do cells receive communication from the extracellular fluid surrounding them?
a. Protein channel (gap junction)
b. Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (involving receptors)
