College aantekeningen

Intro to Biology 2

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BIOL_1108 (BIOL_1108)

Instelling
Kennesaw State University

These notes feature everything covered in biology 2, from taxonomy, to evolution and impacting factors, to speciation barriers, and more. These 41-pages includes photos, drawings, and diagrams, all with annotations. They are black pages with white and colored text and are great for those with sensi...

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Geupload op 13 december 2024
Aantal pagina's 41
Geschreven in 2023/2024
Type College aantekeningen
Docent(en) Anisa jahangiri
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1 08 24 .

REVIEW OF CHAPTER I

·
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE

·
VIRUSES LEAD A KIND OF "BORROWED LIFE"

PROCESSES SCIENCE
·
Of

DYNAMIC, ITERATIVE ,
· oNadina TESTABLE GLOBAL, APPLICABLE , EXISTING
, ,

PREDICTIONS
HYPOTHESES
·
US

1 .
10 .
24

CH 19-DESCENT . W MODIFICATION
·
EVOLUTION Is A PATTERN ABOVE The INDIVIDUAL LEVEL

·
IT'S THE PROCESS THAT DRIVES THIS PATTERN
-
"THE MECHANISMS"

·
DARWIN'S -
DEFINITION DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION

.
9 I DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

&
·
ARISTOTLE LINNAEUS - HERARCUICAL CLASSIFICATIONS EXIST BUT ORGANISMS ARE UNCHANGING

·
CAROLUS LINNAEUS

·
FOUNDER Of
TAXONOmy
O BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

· NESTED CLASSIFICATION

·
CHANGE ER TIME -
CUVIER

·
STUDY OF FOSSILS

·
AppEARS In STRATA OF
SEDIMENTARY Rock

·
REPRESENT
BOUNDRIES BETWEEN STRATA
MAY CATASTROUIC EVENTS

James Huston (RIVERS)
VALLEYS EXPLAINED By GRADUAL MECHANISMS
·
: COULD BE

·
CHARLES LYEL1 :
PERCIEVED CHANGES IN SURFACE CAN RESULT FRAM SLaw
,
CONSTANT ACTIONS

EXISTENCE (THOMAS
-

HE STRUGGLE FOR MALTHUS)

QUANTITY LAMARCKIAN EVOLUTION
↑

-
·
LAMARCKISM :
ORGANISMS IMPROVE OVER TIME

·
INDIVIDUALS ACQUIRE & LOSE TRAITS OVER A LIFETIME

FOOD THOSE TRAITS ARE
·
INHERITED

·
NOT SupporTED By ExpERIMENTAL EVIDENCE

Time
-

THIS IS
EXEMPLARY
OF THE PATTERN
Of EVOLUTION

,THE BEAGLE
VoyAGE OF THE

PLANT & ANIMAL
·
DARWIN COLLECTED SpECIMEN

·
RESEMBLED SpECIES ThE SAME REGION & FROM REGIONS
FOSSILS LIVING IN
NEARBy
·
CHILEAN EARTHQUAKE LIFTED Up ROCKS

·
He
HypoihESIZED ThAT
SpECIES From S Am
. .
HAD COLONIZED ThE GALApAGOS & spECIATED

DARWIN'S FOCUS ON ADAPTATION

·
ADAPTATION :
A
GENETICALLY INHERITED CHARACTERISTIC thAT ENHANCES AN ORGANISM's
ABILITY to SURVIVE & REPRODUCE

WITHIN A PARTICULAR CONTEXT (FINCU BEAKS)

·
ARTIFICIAL & NATURAL SELECTION

· A PROCESS
HUMANS HAVE MODIFIED SpECIES THRU SELECTIVE BREEDING IN CALLED ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

·
OBSERVATIONS OF NATURE

1. MEMBERS A OFTEN TRAITS
Of Pop .

VARY GREATLy IN INHERITED

.
2 TRAITS ARE INHERITED FROM PARENTS

3
. ALL SPECIES ARE CAPABLE OF
PRODUCING MORE OFFSPRING THAN THE ENVIRONMENT SuppoRTS

4 . THRU LACK OF
FOOD/RESOURCES , MANY OFFSPRING DON'T SURVIVE

2 INFERENCES

1. DIFFERENTIAL SURVIVAL & REPRODUCTION OF INDIVIDUALS WITH CERTAIN TRAITS IN THE GIVEN ENVIRONMENT

2
. DRIVES ACCUMULATION OF ADAPTIVE TRAITS IN
POPULATION
THE OVER GENERATIONS

NATURAL SELECTION : A PROCESS IN WHICH CERTAIN INHERITED TRAITS CONFER A FITNESS ADVANTAGE TO THOSE INDIVIDUALS

WITH THOSE TRAITS

BIOLOGICAL (RELATIVE) FITNESS : RELATIVE CONTRIB . OF AN INDIVIDUAL'S GENETIC MATERIAL TO FUTURE GENS .

BROAD OBSERVATIONS

1 LIVINGS ORGANISMS EXHIBIT
.

UNITY
.
2 LIVING ORGANISMS EXHIBIT
DIVERSITY
.
3 ORGANISMS ARE "ADAPTED" TO LIFE IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT

WHAT IS THEORETICAL ABOUT DARWIN'S VIEN OF LIFE ?

- GENERAL
A THEORY IS BROADER IN
SCOPE THAN A
HypOTHESIS ,
ENOUGH TO LEAD TO A TESTABLE
HypOTHESIS ,

& IS
SupportED By LARGE BODIES OF EVIDENCE

, 1 12 24
.
.3
19 EVOLUTION IS OVERWHELMING AMOUNT OF EVIDENCE .

SUPPORTED By
-

AN

4. TYPES OF DATA THAT DOCUMENT THE PATTERN OF EVOLUTION & HOW IT OCCURS

3
1. DIRECT OBSERV .

2. · EVOLUTION OF DRVG-RESISTANT BACTERIA
Homology THAT PROVIDE EVIDENCE
EXAMPLES :

3
. FOSSIL RECORD · NATURAL SELECTION IN RESPONSE TO INTRODUCED SPECIES

4 .

BIOGEOGRAPHY

CAN A CHANGE In A POPULATION'S FOOD SRC
Penicillium Sp
.

RESULT Ero NATURAL SELECTION ?
In .

By
"BEAKS"
SoAPBERRY BUGS USE TO FEED ON FRUIT StEDS
·

S FLORIDA BUGS FEED NATIVE BALLOON VINE
SOAPBERRY
·

IN .
ON WITH
,

LARGER FRUIT

C FLORIDA FEED The INTRODUCED GOLDENRAIN TREE
IN
THEY
·

. ON
,

WITH SMALLER FRUIT

·

FEEDING IS MOST EFfECTIVE WHEN BEAR LENGTH IS

CLOSELY MATCHED
tO SEED'S DEPTH IN FRUIT

NOTES On DIRECT OBSERVATION...

NATURAL SELECTION DOESN'T CREATE NEW TRAITS
·

·
EDITS/SELECTS FOR PREENSTING TRAITS

Evo NAT SEL OCCUR
RAPIDLY SPECIES WITH SHORT GENERATIONS
By CAN IN
·
.
. .

·

CURRENT, LOCAL ENVIRO .
CONDITIONS MATTER

Homology HOMOLOG . STRUCTURES DUE TO COMMON
ANCESTRY
·

ANATOMICAL RESEMBLANCES REPRESENTING VARIATION ON STRUCTURAL THEMES

A
PRESENT COMMON ANCESTOR
·

In

e FORELIMBS HUMANS CATS , WHAIES & BATS
g. Of
·

.

, ,

CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
·
ANALAGOUS STRUCTURES SIMILAR STRUCTURES WITH NO COMMON ANCESTORS

& SUGAR GLIDER
e
g. FLYING SQUIRREL
·

.

SIMILARITY DOESN'T
ImpLY ANCESTRY
·

· BIRDS & BATS HAVE
HOMOLOG . FORELIME BONES
,
BUT ANALOGY SUGGESTS WING STRUCTURE IS A CASE OF

CONVERGENT EVO .

, THE FOSSIL RECORD

·

PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF 1) EXTINCTION 2) ORIGINS OF NEW SPECIES 3) CHANGES OVER TIME

ANKLE BONES

·

IN MOST MAMMALS , THE ASTRAGULUS HAS A DOUBLE HUMP ON ONE END BUT NOT THE OTHER

Fossics SHOW CETACEAN PaKicetUS HAD AN ASTRAGULUS HumpS AT Both ENDS A SHAPE
EARLY WITH DOUBLE
·

,

FOUND pIGS DEER & OTHER EVEN-TOED UNGULATES
ONLY
IN
, ,

t

(MARINE LIFE)

BIOGEOGRAPHY
SCIENTIFIC
STUDY GEOGRAPHIC DIST SpECIES
·

OF The . OF

·
USE OF FOSSILS TO DETERMINE

LOCATIONS

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