Health Promotion
Throughout the Life Span
10th Edition
CHAPTER NO. 01:
HEALTH DEFINED: HEALTH PROMOTION, PROTECTION
AND PREVENTION
MULTIPLE RESPONSE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Q-1. Which of the following “investment” themes has been identified by the National In-
stitute of Nursing Research (NINR)? (Select all that apply.)
a. Interprofessional collaboration
b. Improving the quality of life
c. End-of-life care
d. Increasing physical activity among Americans
ANS: B, C
The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) serves as the focal point in developing research
themes for the future of the profession. NINR supports research to establish a scientific base for the
care of individuals throughout the life span; from the management of individuals during illness and
recovery to the reduction of the risks of disease and disability. The four “investment” themes NINR
has identified are promoting personalized health strategies using symptom science, promoting health
and preventing disease, improving the quality of life for individuals with chronic disease through
self-management, and end-of life and palliative care through compassion (NINR, 2016). In fact, the
Healthy People 2020 and Healthy People 2030 objectives match many of these themes.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember (Knowledge)
Q-2. Which interventions address both the National Institute of Nursing Research themes
and the overall goals of the Healthy People 2020 and Healthy People 2030 as it pertains to leading
health indicators? (Select all that apply.)
a. Establishing a new park with a well-lit track
b. Establishing a smoking cessation campaign
c. Providing reduced-cost transportation passes to senior citizens
d. Providing free condoms at all federally funded health clinics
ANS: A, B, D
Establishing a new park with a well-lit track, establishing a smoking cessation campaign, and provid-
ing free condoms at all federally funded health clinics all address the National Institute of Nursing
Research themes and the Healthy People 2020 and Healthy People 2030 with respect to leading
health indicators. A park, smoking cessation campaign, and free condoms all address the themes of
promoting health and preventing disease as well as the goal of increasing quality and years of healthy
life.
While, providing reduced-cost transportation passes to senior citizens may indirectly affect the health
of this population, this measure does not directly related to the themes of the National Institute of
,Nursing Research. The NINR strives to promote health and prevent disease, improve quality of life
through symptom management, and support palliative and end-of-life care, innovation, and nurse
scientists. Similarly, the stated overall goals of Healthy People 2020 and Healthy People 2030 is to
increase quality and years of healthy life and eliminate health disparities.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze (Analysis)
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Q-1. Which model of health is most likely used by a person who does not believe in pre-
ventive health care?
a. Clinical model
b. Role performance model
c. Adaptive model
d. Eudaimonistic model
ANS: A
The clinical model of health views the absence of signs and symptoms of disease as indicative of
health. People who use this model wait until they are very sick to seek care.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember (Knowledge)
Q-2. A person with chronic back pain is cared for by her primary care provider, as well as
receives acupuncture. Which model of health does this person likely favor?
a. Clinical model
b. Role performance model
c. Adaptive model
d. Eudaimonistic model
ANS: D
The eudaimonistic model embodies the interaction and interrelationships among physical, social,
psychological, and spiritual aspects of life and the environment in goal attainment and creating
meaning in life. Practitioners who practice the clinical model may not be enough for someone who
believes in the eudaimonistic model. Those who believe in the eudaimonistic model often look for
alternative providers of care.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application)
Q-3. Halbert Dunn (1961) introduced the concept of high level wellness, a health-illness
continuum which factored in the individual’s environment when determining a level of health. Which
of the following statements is correct concerning his model?
a. Care recipients who are terminal or dying could not be classified as having high-level
wellness.
b. The focus is on environment and the ability to achieve health on a personal and societal
level.
c. It provides a view of health which is in opposition to the eudaimonistic model of health.
d. It is most closely aligned with a clinical model of health.
ANS: B
Dunn’s construct of high level wellness assesses a person’s wellness not only from the perspective of
his relative health but also factors in his environment—favorable or unfavorable—to arrive at a more
,comprehensive determination of relative wellness. With this concept in mind, a person who is dying
can be said to have achieved high-level wellness via emotionally preparing for death and/or support-
ing others toward this end. His concept defines health on both personal and societal levels. This
model is similar to the eudaimonistic model of health which factors in physical, social, psychological,
and spiritual aspects as well as influences from the environment in defining health. For these reasons,
choices A, C, and D would all be incorrect.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application)
Q-4. A state of physical, mental, spiritual, and social functioning that realizes a person’s
potential and is experienced within a developmental context is known as
a. growth and development.
b. health.
c. functioning.
d. high-level wellness.
ANS: B
Health, as defined in this text, is a state of physical, mental, spiritual, and social functioning that real-
izes a person’s potential and is experienced within a developmental context. Although health is, in
part, an individual’s responsibility, health also requires collective action to ensure a society and an
environment in which people can act responsibly to support health. The culture and beliefs of people
can also influence health action.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember (Knowledge)
Q-5. Which of the following best describes an individual who has an illness?
a. Someone who has well-controlled diabetes
b. Someone with hypercholesterolemia
c. Someone with a headache
d. Someone with coronary artery disease without angina
ANS: C
Illness is composed of the subjective experience of the individual and the physical manifestation of
disease (Hollingsworth & Didelot, 2005). Both are social constructs in which people are in an imbal-
anced, unsustainable relationship with their environment and are failing in their ability to survive and
create a higher quality of life. Illness can be described as a response characterized by a mismatch
between a person’s needs and the resources available to meet those needs. Someone with a head-
ache represents a person with an illness. A person can have a disease without feeling ill. The other
choices represent disease.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze (Analysis)
Q-6. Which US report is considered a landmark document in creating a global approach to
health?
a. The 1990 Health Objectives for the Nation: A Midcourse Review
b. Healthy People 2020
c. Healthy People 2000
d. The US Surgeon General Report
ANS: C
Healthy People 2000 (USDHHS, Public Health Service, 1990) and Healthy People 2000 Midcourse Re-
view and 1995 Revisions (USDHHS, Public Health Service, 1996) were landmark documents in that a
, consortium of people representing national organizations worked with US Public Health Service offi-
cials to create a more global approach to health. Additionally, a management-by-objectives approach
was used to address each problem area. These two documents became the blueprints for each state
as funding for federal programs became linked to meeting these national health objectives.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember (Knowledge)
Q-7. Healthy people 2030 will be built upon the goals of Healthy people 2020 and is cur-
rently underway. Which of the following is one of the four overreaching goals for Healthy People
2020/2030 (US Department of Health and Human Services)?
a. Decreased tobacco use in youth throughout the nation
b. Achieve health equality and eliminate disparity for all groups
c. Increased public funding for health insurance
d. Decreased hospital re-admission rates
ANS: B
Healthy people 2020 has four overarching goals to include the following: 1. attain high quality, longer
lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death. 2. Achieve health equality,
eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups. 3. Create social and physical environments
that promote good health for all. 4. Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy be-
haviors across all life stages. Research in a variety of areas has clearly indicated that health disparities
are directly and indirectly linked to longevity and quality-of-life issues.
Choices A, C, and D are possible strategies to achieve the state goals but they do not reflect the actu-
al published overarching goals.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember (Knowledge)
