TEST BANK FOR EPIDEMIOLOGY GORDIS
PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS; GUARANTEED TO PASS
Case-control study design - ANS-Examines a certain disease, we identify a group of
individuals with the disease (Called Cases) and for purposes of comparison, a group of
people with out disease (Controls)
Cohort Study Design - ANS-Compares the incidence of the disease in selected group of
exposed individuals and a group of non-exposed. Follow up with Both incidence of
Disease.
Case-Control Study Design - ANS-Retrospective Study that is great for etiologic studies.
prospective cohort study (concurrent or longitudinal) - ANS-The investigator identified
the original population at the beginning of the study, and in effect, accompanies the
subjects concurrently thorough calendar time until the point at which the disease
develops or does not develop. Compares exposed and non-exposed individuals.
Observational Studies - ANS-Cohort and Case-Control are what type of studies?
Advantages of Case-Control Studies - ANS-1. inexpensive
2. easy to conduct
3. work well for investigating outbreaks or rare disease
4. Assessing effectiveness of the story
Disadvantages to Case-Control Studies - ANS-1. do not have level of control
2. randomized
3. a specific intervention and thus the level of evidence is not as high as RCT
4. variable such as dose of exposure or environmental can alter interpretation
Information Bias in Cohort Studies - ANS-Limitations in recall: Ex) Human being
interviewed may not recall information.
Recall-Bias:
Differential Bias
Potential Bias in Case Control Studies - ANS-Bias comes from where we got our cases
from
, If We use incident or prevalence cases
How we select our controls hospital patients are not generalized and non hospital
patients maybe too different.
Information Bias
Limitations in recall
Miss classification Bias
Recall Bias
Objectives of Epidemiology - ANS-Identify the etiology of diseases
Determine the extent of diseases
Study the natural history of diseases
Evaluate preventative and therapeutic measures
Provide a foundation for public policy formation
Cohort Study Design - ANS-Can measure absolute and relative risk, odds ratio, and
attributable risk.
What type of Study Design?
Cohort Study Design - ANS-Temporal relationship between the disease and expose is
easy to establish.
What type of Study Design?
Case-Control Study Design - ANS-Temporal relationship maybe hard to establish
What type of Study Design?
Temporal Relationship - ANS-Evidence of Casual Relationships:
It is clear that if a factor is believed to be the cause of a disease, exposure to the factor
must have occurred before the disease developed.
Confounding - ANS-occurs when two variables are associated in such a way that their
effects on a response variable cannot be distinguished from each other
confounding example - ANS-In a study of whether a factor A is a cause of disease B,
we can say that a third factor, factor X, is a _______________. If the following are true.
1. Factor X is a known risk factor for disease B.
2. Factor X is associated with factor A, but is not a result of factor A.
Approaches to handling confounding - ANS-In designing and carrying out the study:
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