Exam (elaborations)
TEST BANK FOR EPIDEMIOLOGY GORDIS EXAM PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
This exam gives a comprehensive revision summary for scholar to achieve great heights in NURSING courses
[Show more]
Connected book
Book Title:
Author(s):
- Edition:
- ISBN:
- Edition:
Content preview
TEST BANK FOR EPIDEMIOLOGY GORDISEXAM PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
Examines a certain disease, we identify a group of individuals with the disease (Called
Cases) and for purposes of comparison, a group of people with out disease (Controls) -
ANS-Case-control study design
Compares the incidence of the disease in selected group of exposed individuals and a
group of non-exposed. Follow up with Both incidence of Disease. - ANS-Cohort Study
Design
Retrospective Study that is great for etiologic studies. - ANS-Case-Control Study Design
The investigator identified the original population at the beginning of the study, and in
effect, accompanies the subjects concurrently thorough calendar time until the point at
which the disease develops or does not develop. Compares exposed and non-exposed
individuals. - ANS-prospective cohort study (concurrent or longitudinal)
Cohort and Case-Control are what type of studies? - ANS-Observational Studies
1. inexpensive
2. easy to conduct
3. work well for investigating outbreaks or rare disease
4. Assessing effectiveness of the story - ANS-Advantages of Case-Control Studies
1. do not have level of control
2. randomized
3. a specific intervention and thus the level of evidence is not as high as RCT
4. variable such as dose of exposure or environmental can alter interpretation - ANS-
Disadvantages to Case-Control Studies
researchers attempt to categorize the subjects (by age, health status, gender, ect.) and
ensure that the control group has members similar to those in the experimental group.
Cases and Controls should be equal. - ANS-group matching
Finding exact match for control group. Ex) 48 year old black female, 4 children, lives in
city, and occupation. - ANS-Practical Problems
,For this approach, for each case selected for the study, a control is selected who is
similar to the case in terms of the specific variable or variables of concern.
Characteristic (s) - ANS-individual matching (matched pairs)
Limitations in recall: Ex) Human being interviewed may not recall information.
Recall-Bias:
Differential Bias - ANS-Information Bias in Cohort Studies
Bias comes from where we got our cases from
If We use incident or prevalence cases
How we select our controls hospital patients are not generalized and non hospital
patients maybe too different.
Information Bias
Limitations in recall
Miss classification Bias
Recall Bias - ANS-Potential Bias in Case Control Studies
Identify the etiology of diseases
Determine the extent of diseases
Study the natural history of diseases
Evaluate preventative and therapeutic measures
Provide a foundation for public policy formation - ANS-Objectives of Epidemiology
Can measure absolute and relative risk, odds ratio, and attributable risk.
What type of Study Design? - ANS-Cohort Study Design
Temporal relationship between the disease and expose is easy to establish.
What type of Study Design? - ANS-Cohort Study Design
Temporal relationship maybe hard to establish
What type of Study Design? - ANS-Case-Control Study Design
Evidence of Casual Relationships:
Coherence with the current body of biologic knowledge Ex) Rubella and Congenital
Cataracts - ANS-Biologic Plausibility
Evidence of Casual Relationships:
,If the relationship is causal, we would expect to find it consistently in different studies
and in different populations. - ANS-Replication of the Findings
Evidence of Casual Relationships:
As the dose of exposure increases, the risk of disease also increases. - ANS-Dose-
Related Relationship
Evidence of Casual Relationships:
Is measured by the relative risk or (odds ratio). The stronger the association, the more
likely it is that the relation is casual. - ANS-Strength of Association
Evidence of Casual Relationships:
It is clear that if a factor is believed to be the cause of a disease, exposure to the factor
must have occurred before the disease developed. - ANS-Temporal Relationship
occurs when two variables are associated in such a way that their effects on a response
variable cannot be distinguished from each other - ANS-Confounding
In a study of whether a factor A is a cause of disease B, we can say that a third factor,
factor X, is a _______________. If the following are true.
1. Factor X is a known risk factor for disease B.
2. Factor X is associated with factor A, but is not a result of factor A. - ANS-confounding
example
In designing and carrying out the study:
1. Individual matching
2. Group matching
In the analysis of data:
1. Stratification
2. Adjustment - ANS-Approaches to handling confounding
self-examination of one's own prejudices and biases toward other cultures, and an in-
depth exploration of one's own cultural/ ethnic background - ANS-cultural awareness
incorporates a lifelong commitment to self-evaluation and self-critique, to redressing the
power imbalances in the patient-clinician dynamic and to developing mutually beneficial
and advocacy partnerships with communities on behalf of individuals and defined
populations - ANS-cultural humility
, Obtaining a sound educational foundation concerning the various world views of
differences cultures. Obtaining knowledge regarding biological variations, disease and
health concerns and variation in drug metabolism. - ANS-culture knowledge
the ability to collect culturally relevant data regarding the patient's presenting problem.
Ability to conduct culturally based physician assessments. Conducting these
assessments in a culturally sensitive manner - ANS-cultural skill
The motivation of the healthcare provider to "want" to engage in the process of cultural
competence characteristics of compassion, authenticity, humility, openness, availability,
and flexibility, commitment and passion to caring, regardless of conflict. - ANS-cultural
desire
A dynamic, fluid, continuous process whereby an individual, system or health care
agency find meaningful, and useful care delivery strategies based on knowledge of the
cultural heritage, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior of those whom they render care. -
ANS-Cultural competency
an incidence rate calculated for a particular population for a single disease outbreak and
expressed as a percentage.
# of people at risk in whom a certain illness develops
--------------------------------------------------
Total # of people at risk - ANS-attack rate
# of new cases of a disease occurring in the population during a specific period of time
_____________________________________________________________ X 1000
# of person's who are at risk of developing the disease during the period of time
* Measures new cases of disease/A measure of the risk. Can look at groups such as
occupation, m/f, age. Can measure over a period of time. - ANS-incidence rate
The number of affected person present in the population at a specific time divided by
the number of persons in the population at that time.
# of cases of a disease present in the population at a specific time
______________________________________________________________ X 1000
# of persons in the population at that specific time. - ANS-prevalence rate
The incidence rate is a measure of risk. Risk can be looked at in any population group,
such as a particular age group, males or females, an occupation group, or a group that
has been exposed to a certain environmental agent. such as radiation or chemical toxin.
- ANS-importance of incidence data
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Knowledgekings. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $12.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
65507 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 15 years now