PATHO TEST PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTION GRADED A+
✔✔5-year-old male is diagnosed with leukemia. Which of the following symptoms would
the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.)
A. Fatigue
B. Pallor
C. Fever
D. Jaundice
E. Petechiae - ✔✔Fatigue
Pallor
Petechiae
✔✔A 10-year-old female is diagnosed with a malignancy in the brain and lung. DNA
analysis reveals translocation at chromosome 7 and 14. The most likely medical
diagnosis the primary care provider will make is:
A. Hodgkin lymphoma
B. Nodular NHL
C. Small noncleaved cell NHL
D. Lymphoblastic non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) - ✔✔Lymphoblastic non-Hodgkin
lymphoma (NHL)
✔✔A 38-year-old female gives birth to a stillborn fetus. Autopsy reveals cardiomegaly,
hepatomegaly, edema, and ascites. Which of the following does the nurse suspect
caused the death?
A. Alpha trait
B. Alpha thalassemia minor
C. Alpha thalassemia major
D. Hemoglobin H disease - ✔✔Alpha thalassemia major
✔✔Which condition makes the patient most prone for developing non-Hodgkin
lymphoma (NHL)?
A. AIDS
B. Renal failure
C. Sickle cell trait
D. Sickle cell disease - ✔✔AIDS
✔✔A nurse is planning care for a child with iron deficiency anemia. Characteristics of
iron deficiency anemia include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
A. It is difficult to diagnose in early stages.
,B. It is rare among teenagers.
C. It is related to gender and race.
D. It may be related to socioeconomic factors.
E. It is most common between the ages of 6 months and 2 years. - ✔✔It is difficult to
diagnose in early stages
It may be related to socioeconomic factors
It is most common between the age of 6 months and 2 years
✔✔A 12-month-old toddler weighing 18 pounds is brought to the clinic because of
weakness, slow physical growth, and developmental delays. His mother reports that the
only food he will consume is cow's milk. Considering this information, the nurse decides
that the child probably has _____ anemia.
A. Pernicious
B. Aplastic
C. Hemolytic
D. Iron deficiency - ✔✔Iron deficiency
✔✔After activation of the Bainbridge reflex in a patient, the nurse
assesses for:
A. Increased heart rate
B. Decreased blood pressure
C. Increased rate and depth of respirations
D. Decreased myocardial contractility - ✔✔Increased heart rate
✔✔Which principle should the nurse remember while planning care for a
cardiac patient? Pressure in the left ventricle must exceed pressure in
the _____ before the left ventricle can eject blood.
A. Coronary arteries
B. Aorta
C. Inferior vena cava
D. Pulmonary veins - ✔✔Aorta
✔✔A 50-year-old female received trauma to the chest that caused severe
impairment of the primary pacemaker cells of the heart. Which of the
following areas received the greatest damage?
A. Atrioventricular (AV) node
B. Sinoatrial (SA) node
C. Bundle of His
D. Ventricles - ✔✔Sinoatrial (SA) node
✔✔The nurse is planning care for a patient with heart problems. Which
,information should the nurse remember? The _____ artery travels down the
interventricular septum and delivers blood to portions of the left and
right ventricle.
A. Right coronary
B. Circumflex
C. Left anterior descending
D. Cardiac - ✔✔Left anterior descending
✔✔A nurse is teaching about the heart. Which information should the nurse include?
The chamber of the heart that generates the highest pressure is the:
A. Right atrium
B. Left atrium
C. Left ventricle
D. Right ventricle - ✔✔Left ventricle
✔✔A nurse is discussing the different types of regulation. Which regulation is the nurse
describing? Local myogenic regulation of blood vessel diameter and thus blood flow
through a vessel is an example of:
A. Autonomic regulation
B. Somatic regulation
C. Autoregulation
D. Metabolic regulation - ✔✔Autoregulation
✔✔Which information by the nurse indicates a good understanding of depolarization?
Depolarization of a cardiac muscle cell occurs as the result of:
A. A decrease in the permeability of the cell membrane to ions
B. The rapid movement of ions across the cell membrane
C. A blockade by calcium ions
D. Stimuli instigated during the refractory period - ✔✔A decrease in the permeability of
the cell membrane to ions
✔✔A new drug is released to aid in weight loss. It stimulates the sympathetic system.
The nurse monitors for an increased heart rate. The sympathetic system causes this by:
A. Inhibiting the release of catecholamines
B. Altering the threshold potential
C. Decreasing the conduction time through the atrioventricular (AV) node
D. Increasing the influx of calcium - ✔✔Altering the threshold potential
✔✔A 54-year-old male is diagnosed with left bundle branch block. Which of the
following structures would not receive an electrical impulse?
, A. Atrioventricular (AV) node
B. Sinoatrial (SA) node
C. Bundle of His
D. The left ventricle - ✔✔The left ventricle
✔✔When a nursing student wants to know where the primary cardiovascular control
center is located, what is the nurse's best response? In the:
A. Cerebral cortex
B. Midbrain
C. Medulla
D. Cervical spinal cord - ✔✔Medulla
✔✔A nurse is discussing the pressure generated at the end of diastole. Which term is
the nurse describing?
A. Preload
B. Afterload
C. Systemic vascular resistance
D. Total peripheral resistance - ✔✔Preload
✔✔A cardiologist is teaching about myocardial cells. Which information should the
cardiologist include? _____ are thickened areas of the sarcolemma of myocardial cells
that enable electrical impulses to travel in a continuous cell-to-cell fashion.
A. Myosins
B. Intercalated disks
C. Troponin Ts
D. I bands - ✔✔Intercalated disks
✔✔A cardiologist is discussing valves with the staff. Which information should the
cardiologist include? _____ are the anchors of the atrioventricular valves.
A. Chordae tendineae cordis
B. Great vessels
C. Coronary ostia
D. Trabeculae carneae - ✔✔Chordae tendineae cordis
✔✔When a student nurse asks the nurse how the cardiac electrical impulse normally
begins, what is the most correct response? The cardiac electrical impulse normally
begins spontaneously in the sinoatrial (SA) node because it:
A. Has a superior location in the right atrium
B. Is the only area of the heart capable of spontaneous depolarization
SOLUTION GRADED A+
✔✔5-year-old male is diagnosed with leukemia. Which of the following symptoms would
the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.)
A. Fatigue
B. Pallor
C. Fever
D. Jaundice
E. Petechiae - ✔✔Fatigue
Pallor
Petechiae
✔✔A 10-year-old female is diagnosed with a malignancy in the brain and lung. DNA
analysis reveals translocation at chromosome 7 and 14. The most likely medical
diagnosis the primary care provider will make is:
A. Hodgkin lymphoma
B. Nodular NHL
C. Small noncleaved cell NHL
D. Lymphoblastic non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) - ✔✔Lymphoblastic non-Hodgkin
lymphoma (NHL)
✔✔A 38-year-old female gives birth to a stillborn fetus. Autopsy reveals cardiomegaly,
hepatomegaly, edema, and ascites. Which of the following does the nurse suspect
caused the death?
A. Alpha trait
B. Alpha thalassemia minor
C. Alpha thalassemia major
D. Hemoglobin H disease - ✔✔Alpha thalassemia major
✔✔Which condition makes the patient most prone for developing non-Hodgkin
lymphoma (NHL)?
A. AIDS
B. Renal failure
C. Sickle cell trait
D. Sickle cell disease - ✔✔AIDS
✔✔A nurse is planning care for a child with iron deficiency anemia. Characteristics of
iron deficiency anemia include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
A. It is difficult to diagnose in early stages.
,B. It is rare among teenagers.
C. It is related to gender and race.
D. It may be related to socioeconomic factors.
E. It is most common between the ages of 6 months and 2 years. - ✔✔It is difficult to
diagnose in early stages
It may be related to socioeconomic factors
It is most common between the age of 6 months and 2 years
✔✔A 12-month-old toddler weighing 18 pounds is brought to the clinic because of
weakness, slow physical growth, and developmental delays. His mother reports that the
only food he will consume is cow's milk. Considering this information, the nurse decides
that the child probably has _____ anemia.
A. Pernicious
B. Aplastic
C. Hemolytic
D. Iron deficiency - ✔✔Iron deficiency
✔✔After activation of the Bainbridge reflex in a patient, the nurse
assesses for:
A. Increased heart rate
B. Decreased blood pressure
C. Increased rate and depth of respirations
D. Decreased myocardial contractility - ✔✔Increased heart rate
✔✔Which principle should the nurse remember while planning care for a
cardiac patient? Pressure in the left ventricle must exceed pressure in
the _____ before the left ventricle can eject blood.
A. Coronary arteries
B. Aorta
C. Inferior vena cava
D. Pulmonary veins - ✔✔Aorta
✔✔A 50-year-old female received trauma to the chest that caused severe
impairment of the primary pacemaker cells of the heart. Which of the
following areas received the greatest damage?
A. Atrioventricular (AV) node
B. Sinoatrial (SA) node
C. Bundle of His
D. Ventricles - ✔✔Sinoatrial (SA) node
✔✔The nurse is planning care for a patient with heart problems. Which
,information should the nurse remember? The _____ artery travels down the
interventricular septum and delivers blood to portions of the left and
right ventricle.
A. Right coronary
B. Circumflex
C. Left anterior descending
D. Cardiac - ✔✔Left anterior descending
✔✔A nurse is teaching about the heart. Which information should the nurse include?
The chamber of the heart that generates the highest pressure is the:
A. Right atrium
B. Left atrium
C. Left ventricle
D. Right ventricle - ✔✔Left ventricle
✔✔A nurse is discussing the different types of regulation. Which regulation is the nurse
describing? Local myogenic regulation of blood vessel diameter and thus blood flow
through a vessel is an example of:
A. Autonomic regulation
B. Somatic regulation
C. Autoregulation
D. Metabolic regulation - ✔✔Autoregulation
✔✔Which information by the nurse indicates a good understanding of depolarization?
Depolarization of a cardiac muscle cell occurs as the result of:
A. A decrease in the permeability of the cell membrane to ions
B. The rapid movement of ions across the cell membrane
C. A blockade by calcium ions
D. Stimuli instigated during the refractory period - ✔✔A decrease in the permeability of
the cell membrane to ions
✔✔A new drug is released to aid in weight loss. It stimulates the sympathetic system.
The nurse monitors for an increased heart rate. The sympathetic system causes this by:
A. Inhibiting the release of catecholamines
B. Altering the threshold potential
C. Decreasing the conduction time through the atrioventricular (AV) node
D. Increasing the influx of calcium - ✔✔Altering the threshold potential
✔✔A 54-year-old male is diagnosed with left bundle branch block. Which of the
following structures would not receive an electrical impulse?
, A. Atrioventricular (AV) node
B. Sinoatrial (SA) node
C. Bundle of His
D. The left ventricle - ✔✔The left ventricle
✔✔When a nursing student wants to know where the primary cardiovascular control
center is located, what is the nurse's best response? In the:
A. Cerebral cortex
B. Midbrain
C. Medulla
D. Cervical spinal cord - ✔✔Medulla
✔✔A nurse is discussing the pressure generated at the end of diastole. Which term is
the nurse describing?
A. Preload
B. Afterload
C. Systemic vascular resistance
D. Total peripheral resistance - ✔✔Preload
✔✔A cardiologist is teaching about myocardial cells. Which information should the
cardiologist include? _____ are thickened areas of the sarcolemma of myocardial cells
that enable electrical impulses to travel in a continuous cell-to-cell fashion.
A. Myosins
B. Intercalated disks
C. Troponin Ts
D. I bands - ✔✔Intercalated disks
✔✔A cardiologist is discussing valves with the staff. Which information should the
cardiologist include? _____ are the anchors of the atrioventricular valves.
A. Chordae tendineae cordis
B. Great vessels
C. Coronary ostia
D. Trabeculae carneae - ✔✔Chordae tendineae cordis
✔✔When a student nurse asks the nurse how the cardiac electrical impulse normally
begins, what is the most correct response? The cardiac electrical impulse normally
begins spontaneously in the sinoatrial (SA) node because it:
A. Has a superior location in the right atrium
B. Is the only area of the heart capable of spontaneous depolarization
