PSYCH311 Bowman- Exam 4
Piaget's cognitive stages of development serve as the underpinnings for the theory
proposed by - Correct Answer-Lawrence Kohlberg
Kohlberg theory based on - Correct Answer-•Based on 20 years of interviewing children,
using stories in which characters face moral dilemmas.
Kohlberg suggested that there are - Correct Answer-six stages of moral development.
•Argues the stages are universal.
Piaget proposed - Correct Answer-that children move from heteronomous morality to
autonomous morality by 10 years of age.
•Children come to consider intentions, believe rules are subject to change, and know
that punishment may not follow.
Children's peer relations could also positively or negatively impact their - Correct
Answer-self-esteem
Peer attachment - Correct Answer-provides children with the opportunity to discover
and build their sense of self-worth
. Children derive their self-esteem from - Correct Answer-feedbacks they receive from
their peers or people they think highly of.
According to Susan Harter by age 7 - Correct Answer-3 separate areas/aspects of self-
esteem emerge
3 separate areas/aspects of self-esteem that emerge: - Correct Answer-Academic,
social, and physical (appearance and athletic capabilities)
Perspective taking - Correct Answer-increases with age. •Ability to take other people's
perspectives and understand their thoughts and feelings.
In Selman's view, at about 6 to 8 years of age children develop - Correct Answer-
perspective-taking as a way of judging another person's intentions, purposes, and
actions.
Perspective taking is thought to be - Correct Answer-important in whether children
develop prosocial or antisocial attitudes and behavior.
,Children also become more skeptical of - Correct Answer-others' claims
Capacity for self-regulation - Correct Answer-increases with age and development.
•Characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts.
Erikson's fourth stage, industry versus inferiority: - Correct Answer-•Encouragement
increases the child's sense of industry (how things are made and how they work).
•Criticism results in a sense of inferiority.
Industry - Correct Answer-a sense of competence, capability, self efficacy
When encouraged in their efforts by others, a sense of _______ increases - Correct
Answer-industry
middle childhood ages - Correct Answer-6-11 years
Crucial socioemotional development variables (5) - Correct Answer-§Family members
§School life
§Peers
§Social media
§Psychology of the individual
Up until around age 6 or 7, self descriptions are... - Correct Answer-typically physical
and concrete. Ex.§"My name is Mona. I am seven years old. I have brown eyes and
short black hair. I have two little brothers... I have a red bicycle (possession).
§I like to dance (activity)."
self concept in middle childhood - Correct Answer-children add more internal,
psychological variables. Descriptions also become more comparative and complex. Ex.
"I am shy. I am friendly. I try to be helpful. Mostly I am easy to get along with, but
sometimes I lose my temper. I like to play volleyball. I am pretty good, but some girls
are better than me."
Social groupings - Correct Answer-mentioned more frequently in middle childhood
Children judge their appearance, abilities, and behaviors.. - Correct Answer-in relation
to others
Middle childhood goes from egocentrism to - Correct Answer-sociocentrism
The mental health of children depends greatly on - Correct Answer-the way that their
parents interact with them which also influences their self-esteem.
If successful in meeting parental expectations and schooling demands, then - Correct
Answer-a sense of industry increases.
, Preschoolers show - Correct Answer-a growing awareness of the need to control
emotions and meet social standards.
Preschooler developmental changes: (6) - Correct Answer-•Improved emotional
understanding.
•Increased understanding that more than one emotion can be experienced in a
particular situation.
•Increased tendency to be aware of the events leading to emotional reactions.
•Ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions.
•Use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings.
•Capacity for genuine empathy.
Attachment process in middle to late childhood - Correct Answer-process continues to
be developmentally important.
•Becomes more sophisticated as children's social worlds expand to include peers,
teachers, and others.
One study linked secure attachment with: (3) - Correct Answer-•Less anxiety and
depression.
•Less exclusion among peers at school.
•Lowered likelihood of aggressive behavior.
Lawrence Kohlberg suggested - Correct Answer-three universal levels of moral
development.
•Development from one level to another is fostered by opportunities to take others'
perspectives and experience conflict between one's level of moral thinking and the
reasoning of someone else at a higher level.
Based on Piaget's work , Lawrence Kohlberg proposed - Correct Answer-6 stages 3
levels) of moral development
The Kohlberg levels: Level 1, - Correct Answer-preconventional reasoning (no
internalization): the individual's moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external
rewards and punishment.
The Kohlberg levels: Level 2, - Correct Answer-conventional reasoning (intermediate
Internalization): the individual abides by certain standards, but these are standards set
by others such as parents or society.
The Kohlberg levels: Level 3, - Correct Answer-postconventional reasoning (full
internalization): the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the
options, and then decides on a personal moral code.
Kohlberg believed the levels - Correct Answer-occur in sequence and are age-related
Piaget's cognitive stages of development serve as the underpinnings for the theory
proposed by - Correct Answer-Lawrence Kohlberg
Kohlberg theory based on - Correct Answer-•Based on 20 years of interviewing children,
using stories in which characters face moral dilemmas.
Kohlberg suggested that there are - Correct Answer-six stages of moral development.
•Argues the stages are universal.
Piaget proposed - Correct Answer-that children move from heteronomous morality to
autonomous morality by 10 years of age.
•Children come to consider intentions, believe rules are subject to change, and know
that punishment may not follow.
Children's peer relations could also positively or negatively impact their - Correct
Answer-self-esteem
Peer attachment - Correct Answer-provides children with the opportunity to discover
and build their sense of self-worth
. Children derive their self-esteem from - Correct Answer-feedbacks they receive from
their peers or people they think highly of.
According to Susan Harter by age 7 - Correct Answer-3 separate areas/aspects of self-
esteem emerge
3 separate areas/aspects of self-esteem that emerge: - Correct Answer-Academic,
social, and physical (appearance and athletic capabilities)
Perspective taking - Correct Answer-increases with age. •Ability to take other people's
perspectives and understand their thoughts and feelings.
In Selman's view, at about 6 to 8 years of age children develop - Correct Answer-
perspective-taking as a way of judging another person's intentions, purposes, and
actions.
Perspective taking is thought to be - Correct Answer-important in whether children
develop prosocial or antisocial attitudes and behavior.
,Children also become more skeptical of - Correct Answer-others' claims
Capacity for self-regulation - Correct Answer-increases with age and development.
•Characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts.
Erikson's fourth stage, industry versus inferiority: - Correct Answer-•Encouragement
increases the child's sense of industry (how things are made and how they work).
•Criticism results in a sense of inferiority.
Industry - Correct Answer-a sense of competence, capability, self efficacy
When encouraged in their efforts by others, a sense of _______ increases - Correct
Answer-industry
middle childhood ages - Correct Answer-6-11 years
Crucial socioemotional development variables (5) - Correct Answer-§Family members
§School life
§Peers
§Social media
§Psychology of the individual
Up until around age 6 or 7, self descriptions are... - Correct Answer-typically physical
and concrete. Ex.§"My name is Mona. I am seven years old. I have brown eyes and
short black hair. I have two little brothers... I have a red bicycle (possession).
§I like to dance (activity)."
self concept in middle childhood - Correct Answer-children add more internal,
psychological variables. Descriptions also become more comparative and complex. Ex.
"I am shy. I am friendly. I try to be helpful. Mostly I am easy to get along with, but
sometimes I lose my temper. I like to play volleyball. I am pretty good, but some girls
are better than me."
Social groupings - Correct Answer-mentioned more frequently in middle childhood
Children judge their appearance, abilities, and behaviors.. - Correct Answer-in relation
to others
Middle childhood goes from egocentrism to - Correct Answer-sociocentrism
The mental health of children depends greatly on - Correct Answer-the way that their
parents interact with them which also influences their self-esteem.
If successful in meeting parental expectations and schooling demands, then - Correct
Answer-a sense of industry increases.
, Preschoolers show - Correct Answer-a growing awareness of the need to control
emotions and meet social standards.
Preschooler developmental changes: (6) - Correct Answer-•Improved emotional
understanding.
•Increased understanding that more than one emotion can be experienced in a
particular situation.
•Increased tendency to be aware of the events leading to emotional reactions.
•Ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions.
•Use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings.
•Capacity for genuine empathy.
Attachment process in middle to late childhood - Correct Answer-process continues to
be developmentally important.
•Becomes more sophisticated as children's social worlds expand to include peers,
teachers, and others.
One study linked secure attachment with: (3) - Correct Answer-•Less anxiety and
depression.
•Less exclusion among peers at school.
•Lowered likelihood of aggressive behavior.
Lawrence Kohlberg suggested - Correct Answer-three universal levels of moral
development.
•Development from one level to another is fostered by opportunities to take others'
perspectives and experience conflict between one's level of moral thinking and the
reasoning of someone else at a higher level.
Based on Piaget's work , Lawrence Kohlberg proposed - Correct Answer-6 stages 3
levels) of moral development
The Kohlberg levels: Level 1, - Correct Answer-preconventional reasoning (no
internalization): the individual's moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external
rewards and punishment.
The Kohlberg levels: Level 2, - Correct Answer-conventional reasoning (intermediate
Internalization): the individual abides by certain standards, but these are standards set
by others such as parents or society.
The Kohlberg levels: Level 3, - Correct Answer-postconventional reasoning (full
internalization): the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the
options, and then decides on a personal moral code.
Kohlberg believed the levels - Correct Answer-occur in sequence and are age-related
