Synoptic Essay on Cycles in biology:
A cycle is a sequence of events or steps that can be repeated to produce an end product that is
identical to the starting product. The cardiac cycle and the Krebs cycle are two examples of biological
cycles that occur within an organism. The carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous cycles are examples of
biological cycles that can occur outside of an organism.
The cardiac cycle is a series of contractions (systoles) and relaxations (diastoles) of the cardiac
muscles that control blood flow throughout an organism's body. The left and right atria, as well as
the left and right ventricles, make up the heart's four chambers. There are valves between the atria
and the ventricles that prevent blood from flowing backwards. The bicuspid valve is located between
the left atria and the left ventricle. The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the
right ventricle. The diastole stage is the first occurrence in this cycle. All of the heart's chambers are
relaxed during this phase, and blood from the vena cava fills the right atrium while blood from the
pulmonary vein fills the left atrium. As the atrium fills with blood, the volume of the chamber grows.
The contraction of the atria occurs in the second portion of the cardiac cycle. Electrical impulses
cause the atria to contract, causing blood to be driven into the ventricles. The bicuspid and tricuspid
valves are forced shut as the pressure in the ventricles rises. Once the ventricles are full of blood,
ventricular systole occurs, in which blood from the left ventricle is driven into the aorta and blood
from the right ventricle is forced into the pulmonary artery. The aorta has semi-lunar valves that
prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricle. After that, the cycle is complete, and all of the
heart's chambers rest (diastole). This cycle is important for organisms since blood is an important
component of the human body because it serves as an effective delivery method for chemicals such
as oxygen and glucose to respiring tissue. It also distributes white blood cells and other immune
system assets to the needed place to fight infection. Excretory products such as urea and carbon
dioxide must also be carried away from tissues and expelled in order to avoid damaging
consequences over long periods of time in the body. The heart is an essential organ since it is the
only component that aids in blood transport within the body.
The Calvin cycle is the second step of photosynthesis that takes place in the stroma of chroloplasts in
plants. Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere diffuses into the leaf through the stomata on the leaf's
underside. The carbon dioxide then dissolves in the water surrounding the mesophyll cells and
diffuses into the stroma of the chloroplasts via the cell surface membrane, cytoplasm, and
chloroplast membranes. Carbon dioxide combines with ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP), a 5-carbon
molecule, inside the chloroplasts. The enzyme rubisco catalyses this process. RuBP creates two
molecules of 3-glycerate 3-phosphate as a result of the reaction (GP). Using the energy released
from the hydrolysis of ATP, the decreased NADP from the light-dependent process is used to convert
glycerate 3-phosphate to triose phosphate (TP). The NADP is reformed, and it returns to the light-
dependent reaction, where it is decreased by taking more H+ ions. Some TP molecules are
transformed into organic compounds required by the plant, such as starch, cellulose, lipids, glucose,
amino acids, and nucleotides. The majority of TP molecules are used to renew ribulose bisphosphate
from ATP generated by the light-dependent reaction. This cycle is critical because it ensures the
survival of all living things on the planet. Plants, algae, and other photosynthesising organisms rely
on it because it turns carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water into sugars, which the plant
uses as a food source. Herbivores, who rely on plants for food, will benefit from this. As a result, this
mechanism is critical for carnivores and omnivores, as they will eat herbivores.
The nitrogen cycle is an example of an organic cycle that happens. Nitrogen from the air is fixed by
Rhizobium bacteria in this cycle. Free-living bacteria and mutualistic bacteria are the two types.
A cycle is a sequence of events or steps that can be repeated to produce an end product that is
identical to the starting product. The cardiac cycle and the Krebs cycle are two examples of biological
cycles that occur within an organism. The carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous cycles are examples of
biological cycles that can occur outside of an organism.
The cardiac cycle is a series of contractions (systoles) and relaxations (diastoles) of the cardiac
muscles that control blood flow throughout an organism's body. The left and right atria, as well as
the left and right ventricles, make up the heart's four chambers. There are valves between the atria
and the ventricles that prevent blood from flowing backwards. The bicuspid valve is located between
the left atria and the left ventricle. The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the
right ventricle. The diastole stage is the first occurrence in this cycle. All of the heart's chambers are
relaxed during this phase, and blood from the vena cava fills the right atrium while blood from the
pulmonary vein fills the left atrium. As the atrium fills with blood, the volume of the chamber grows.
The contraction of the atria occurs in the second portion of the cardiac cycle. Electrical impulses
cause the atria to contract, causing blood to be driven into the ventricles. The bicuspid and tricuspid
valves are forced shut as the pressure in the ventricles rises. Once the ventricles are full of blood,
ventricular systole occurs, in which blood from the left ventricle is driven into the aorta and blood
from the right ventricle is forced into the pulmonary artery. The aorta has semi-lunar valves that
prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricle. After that, the cycle is complete, and all of the
heart's chambers rest (diastole). This cycle is important for organisms since blood is an important
component of the human body because it serves as an effective delivery method for chemicals such
as oxygen and glucose to respiring tissue. It also distributes white blood cells and other immune
system assets to the needed place to fight infection. Excretory products such as urea and carbon
dioxide must also be carried away from tissues and expelled in order to avoid damaging
consequences over long periods of time in the body. The heart is an essential organ since it is the
only component that aids in blood transport within the body.
The Calvin cycle is the second step of photosynthesis that takes place in the stroma of chroloplasts in
plants. Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere diffuses into the leaf through the stomata on the leaf's
underside. The carbon dioxide then dissolves in the water surrounding the mesophyll cells and
diffuses into the stroma of the chloroplasts via the cell surface membrane, cytoplasm, and
chloroplast membranes. Carbon dioxide combines with ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP), a 5-carbon
molecule, inside the chloroplasts. The enzyme rubisco catalyses this process. RuBP creates two
molecules of 3-glycerate 3-phosphate as a result of the reaction (GP). Using the energy released
from the hydrolysis of ATP, the decreased NADP from the light-dependent process is used to convert
glycerate 3-phosphate to triose phosphate (TP). The NADP is reformed, and it returns to the light-
dependent reaction, where it is decreased by taking more H+ ions. Some TP molecules are
transformed into organic compounds required by the plant, such as starch, cellulose, lipids, glucose,
amino acids, and nucleotides. The majority of TP molecules are used to renew ribulose bisphosphate
from ATP generated by the light-dependent reaction. This cycle is critical because it ensures the
survival of all living things on the planet. Plants, algae, and other photosynthesising organisms rely
on it because it turns carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water into sugars, which the plant
uses as a food source. Herbivores, who rely on plants for food, will benefit from this. As a result, this
mechanism is critical for carnivores and omnivores, as they will eat herbivores.
The nitrogen cycle is an example of an organic cycle that happens. Nitrogen from the air is fixed by
Rhizobium bacteria in this cycle. Free-living bacteria and mutualistic bacteria are the two types.
