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ASHLEIGH CLARKE
BTEC LEVEL 3 EXTENDED DIPLOMA – GENETIC ENGINEERING ASSIGNMENT D
EXPLORE BASIC DNA TECHNIQUES AND THE USE OF GENETIC ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES.
P6 Extract, separate and amplify DNA
P7 Explain the use of genetic engineering technologies in industry and medicine.
M6 Analyse the uses of genetic engineering technologies in industry and medicine.
D4: Evaluate possible future uses of genetic engineering technologies.
DNA extraction
DNA extraction is a technique for isolating the DNA from the cell membranes, proteins and other
biological materials from a sample using physical and or chemical processes. It was initially first
isolated by a Swiss physician called Friedrich Miescher in 1869.
Principles of DNA extraction
1] Breaking the cells open so the DNA can be released. The sample contains cells that separate
themselves from each other, this is more from the result of vortexing/grinding where it is then put
into a solution that consists of salt. The negatively charged phosphate groups that run along the
backbone of DNA are protected by the positively charged sodium ions in the salt. After that, a
detergent is added. The lipids in the cell membrane and nucleus are broken down by the detergent.
When these membranes are ruptured, DNA is liberated.
2] Separate the DNA from proteins and other cellular components/debris.
To obtain a clean sample of DNA, as much cellular debris as possible must be removed. This can be
accomplished in a number of ways. To destroy DNA-associated proteins as well as other cellular
proteins, a protease (protein enzyme) is frequently introduced. Filtering the sample can also help
eliminate several of the cellular debris.
3] Precipitation of DNA using an alcohol.
Finally, the DNA sample is carefully injected with ice-cold alcohol (preferably ethanol or
isopropanol). Water makes DNA soluble, but salt and alcohol make it insoluble. A precipitate can be
seen and spooled out by gently swirling the alcohol surface with a sterile pipette. A threadlike, white
precipitate may form if there is a lot of DNA present.
4] Cleansing the DNA
The DNA sample can be purified even more (cleaned). It's then ready to use after being resuspended
in a slightly alkaline buffer.
5] Confirming the quality and Presence of DNA.
Gel electrophoresis can be also be used to show the signs and quality of DNA in a given sample.
Uses of DNA extraction
There are many uses of DNA extraction within the industry and medicine, one use of DNA Extraction
is used in forensic science.
DNA plays an important role in several criminal investigations. Hair, skin, and blood samples can all
be used to extract DNA. DNA extraction is frequently used by forensic teams to evaluate if an
individual is a suspect or should be ruled out. DNA may occasionally prove a person's innocence or
guilt, or at the very least, whether or not they were there at the crime scene.
,ASHLEIGH CLARKE
BTEC LEVEL 3 EXTENDED DIPLOMA – GENETIC ENGINEERING ASSIGNMENT D
EXPLORE BASIC DNA TECHNIQUES AND THE USE OF GENETIC ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES.
DNA extraction can also be used to determine a child's paternity. DNA from both the possible father
and the infant can assist verify or refute paternity claims, whether a person wishes to show
whether they're or are not the father.
Plants and animals can benefit from DNA extraction when it comes to genetic engineering. Plants
may utilise DNA to identify, isolate, and extract the desired gene, which can then be replicated in
subsequent generations. Species DNA extraction is useful from everything from cloning to
transferring the DNA of one animal to another. Hormones are essential for a person's growth and
development. Through recombinant DNA technology, DNA extraction aids in the development of
these. The following are two examples of hormones that involve DNA extraction. Human growth
hormones: These hormones aid a wide range of patients suffering from a variety of ailments. Human
growth hormones, for example, can help persons with growth problems, kidney cancer, and Tumer's
syndrome. Insulin: People with diabetes, particularly those with type I diabetes, frequently require
insulin. Recombinant DNA manufacturing can be aided by DNA extraction.
Practical application DNA extraction
, ASHLEIGH CLARKE
BTEC LEVEL 3 EXTENDED DIPLOMA – GENETIC ENGINEERING ASSIGNMENT D
EXPLORE BASIC DNA TECHNIQUES AND THE USE OF GENETIC ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES.
Genomic
An example of DNA extraction is genomic DNA extraction, this method involves the purification of
DNA by implementing physical or chemical methods from samples separating DNA away from the
cell membranes, proteins as well as other cellular components.
Principles of Genomic DNA
Any technique of DNA isolation from any sample type must fulfil the following basic
requirements: effective DNA extraction from the sample, the production of a suitable amount of
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