This is a summarized document containing the essay plans I created for my psychology exam.- this is reflective of the advance information hence, you will have to create the remaining essay plans yourself.
+ AO1 FOR ENCODING, CAPACITY AND AO3
DURATION – Big FOCUS QUESTION
Encoding is the way in how memory is A major limitation for all studies apart from
stored in different memory stores, Bahricks is that they lack external validity.
Baddeley conducted a study which Their stimulus is entirely meaningless thus
investigated how information is stored in is not reflective of everyday life thus lacks
different components. He gathered mundane realism. If the stimulus had been
participants and put them into 4 groups. meaningful, the results of the findings may
Each group had a list of words to have differed. Hence, as it is not
remember, G1- AS G2- AD – G3- SS- G4- SD. generalisable to everyday life, it is a
He found that immediately when tested limitation.
ppts tended to perform better recall with
acoustically similar words, and after 20 Cap- A limitation of the Jacobs study is that
mins they did better with semantically in earlier years, psychology studies lacked
similar. adequate control and thus In his study
Capacity is how much info can be stored extraneous variables may have not been
into a memory store at a time. Jacobs controlled. Due to this, we cannot be sure
introduced the digit span whereby he gave of his findings as variables haven’t been
participants 4–5-digit numbers to controlled.
remember and write down, he added on a Miller – cowan et al said that memory isn’t
digit after they could remember and write as extensive as 7+-2 items but rather just to
until they couldn’t anymore. The mean 4-5 thus his lower end of the research
average for digits was 9.3 and for letters it makes more sense.
was 7.3
Miller further investigated capacity and his Bahrick – high internal V
findings derived from his observations that However, they may have been In touch or
all greater things came in 7s thus he said kept flicking through the photos overtime.
capacity must be limited to 7+-2 items. He
also said that a method to recall was by PP- one explanation as to why we forget is
chunking which was grouping items and because the memory trace simply
letters together in 4s and 5s. disappears as a result of spontaneous
decay if rehearsal is not maintained.
Short term duration was measured by Another is that info is simply displaced, as it
Peterson and Peterson who gathered a is already quite limited, new info pushes
group of participants and gave them a 3- out the old one. PP DO NOT CONSIDER
digit number and a trigram to recall. They THIS.
asked the ppts to start counting backwards
from the 3-digit number to prevent mental
rehearsal and they were asked to stop from
3seconds to 30 seconds and asked to recall
the trigram. PP found that duration was 18-
30 seconds.
Long term duration was measured by
Bahrick, he gathers 392 ppts who had
graduated from highschool either within 15
years or after 45years. He asked them to
look over yearbook photos and identify the
, people Either by photorecog or free recall.
In photo recog, within 15 years 90%
remembered accurately and after 45 y it
was 70%. Free recall, within 15y 60% and
after 45y it was 30%
OUTLINE AND EVALUATE THE MSM
AO1 ATKINSON AND SHIFFRON GOOD- BADDELEY conducted the study
Stimulus from the environment enters the regarding how memory is encoded which
sensory register, at this point it comes from shows how the stm and the ltm are
all modalities. The sensory register has a qualitatively different which supports the
low duration but a high capacity and the idea of the MSM that the stm and the ltm
enc is all mod. The SR is split up into 2 – are two different stores.
echoic memory which is sound and iconic
memory which is visual. Attention is The MSM states that the stm is unitary
needed. store which deals with information all at
Info then goes into the STM store where once however, shallice and warrington’s
cap 7 +-2, dur – 18-30 seconds and enc is patient KF proved to be different. He
acoustic. Maintenance rehearsal is needed suffered from Amnsesia and his recall when
for the info to stay In the store and be things were read outloud to him was poor
passed down to the LTM store which has but better when he read them himself.
unlimited cap and duration but the enc is Thus this hsows that the stm must have a
semantic. To access the memory, retrieval non verbal store with those with amnsesia
is needed as the info can only be accessed one to process auditory noises and one to
through the STM store. process verbal noises.
Craik and Watkins said that rehearsal does
matter but it comes down to what type of
rehearsal you do. Maintenance isn’t as
effective as all it does is make the info stay
in the stm. To make the info go into the
LTM, they must practise elaborative
rehearsal which links info to preexisting
info.
Artificial stimulus.
Describe and outline different types of long term memory
Ao1 Ao3
Episodic memory is the personal memories There is good clinical evidence to support
in your life. They are like a personal diary of Tulving’s long term memory stores. For
events that have been stored as memory in example, the famous cases of HM and clive
your brain, they are time sequenced – time wearing both had their memories severely
stamped so you remember exactly when impacted as a result of amnesia, their
they happened. You also have to make a episodic memory was severely damaged,
conscious effort to recall these memories as they could not remember events however
they are part of non declarative. their semantic memory remained intact.
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