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What is the objective of photosynthesis? To produce glucose
What is the overall symbol equation for photosynthesis? "6CO<sub>2</sub> +
6H<span style=""font-size: 14.166666030883789px;""><sub>2</sub></span>O ->
C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> + 6O<sub>2</sub>"
What are the two main stages of photosynthesis? The light dependent
reaction<div>The light independent reaction or Calvin Cycle</div>
What are the top and bottom layers of the leaf called? Upper and lower
epidermis
What is the inside parts of the leaf called? Upper and lower mesophyll
What is the difference between the upper and lower mesophyll? The upper consists
of a row of cells, with no spaces in between, where most photosynthesis
occurs.<div>The lower consists of cells arrange in a random way with spaces in
between, where most gas exchange occurs.</div>
Where does the light dependent reaction occur? On the thylakoids
Where does the light independent reaction occur? In the stroma
What are the two objectives of the light dependent stage? Making ATP and NADPH
What is the light energy used for in the light dependent reaction? Exciting of
electrons in the chlorophyll to give them the energy to create the proton gradient
for ATP synthesis and reduction of NADP</div>
How does photoionsiation work, and how is its energy harnessed? "When light hits a
pigment such as chlorophyll, it excites the electrons in the pigment, causing them
to become excited and leave their pigments and move to the photo system. They then
travel through cytochromes, which are reduced by the excited electrons and then
oxidised to release some of the electrons' energy for the pumping of protons into
the thylakoid. Once the electrons are low on energy, they are re-excited by another
photo system, and go through more cytochromes to pump more protons into the
thylakoid"
How are the electrons missing from the pigments replaced, and what is the equation?
Photolysis is the breaking down of water to release electrons to replace the
lost ones in the chlorophyll<div>This is the equation:</div><div>2H<sub>2</sub>O -
> 4H<sup>+</sup> + 4e<sup>-</sup> + O<sub>2</sub></div>
What is the order of the photo systems? Photosystem 2 then photosystem 1
What is the chemiosmotic theory? There is a greater concentration of protons in
the thylakoid than there is in the stroma. This concentration gradient is used by
ATP synthase channels, through which protons pass, changing the shape of the enzyme
to make it functional, to catalyse the synthesis of ATP from ADP and a phosphate
group. Once the protons are in the stroma, some of them are used to reduce NADP
using NADP reductase. Some protons are pumped back into the thylakoid to maintain
the proton gradient
What is oxygen released from photolysis? A waste product
How can the light dependent reaction be summarised? Light hits chlorophyll, which
excites electrons in the chlorophyll, which pass down an electron transport chain,
releasing energy as they do, which is used to pump protons into the thylakoid.
These protons diffuse through the ATP synthase channel to produce ATP, and from
there they are either used to reduce NADP or to re-enter the thylakoid to maintain
the proton gradient.
What is the purpose of the calvin cycle? To produce glucose, using carbon dioxide,
ATP and NADPH
What are the steps of the Calvin cycle? "Since it is a cycle, there is no
'start', so we'll just start where it makes most sense<div>1. We start with
ribulose bisphosphate, a 5 carbon sugar, which carbon dioxide is fixed to using the
enzyme rubisco. This produces two molecules of glycerate 3-phosphate, a 3 carbon
acid.</div><div>2. This 3 carbon acid is reduced by NADPH to glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate, also known as triose phosphate. This process requires ATP. NADPH is
converted into NADP. Both these ADP and NADP can be turned back into ATP and NADPH
by the light dependent reaction.</div><div>3. 1 of the 6 carbons is used to make a
glucose molecule in reverse glycolysis, and the remaining 5 are used to regenerate
ribulose bisphosphate. The regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate requires
ATP.</div>"
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