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OCR A Level Geography Coastal Landscapes Summary - 4b (Economic development unintentionally causes change within coastal landscape systems - Manga-Pakiri Coastline, New Zealand) £2.99
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OCR A Level Geography Coastal Landscapes Summary - 4b (Economic development unintentionally causes change within coastal landscape systems - Manga-Pakiri Coastline, New Zealand)
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Summary of part 4b from Chapter 1 (Coastal Landscapes) of Michael Raw's OCR A Level Geography textbook which is linked to this document

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  • Chapter 1, 4b (economic development unintentionally causes change within coastal landscape systems -
  • August 4, 2022
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  • 2021/2022
  • Summary

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1.1. How are coastal landscapes developed?
 4b. Economic development unintentionally causes change within coastal landscape systems (Manga-
Pakiri Coastline, New Zealand)
What economic activity is taking place & why? Process:

 Human management = Off-shore dredging off Holocene sand stores for use in  Offshore dredging reduces flow of sediment from offshore
construction/glass making store to onshore beach store
 Beach store is depleted - beach is less effective at absorbing
waves, flows of sediment between stores becomes
Unintended impact of coastal system?
diminished
 LSD continues to transport material along the beach towards the spit - as beach  Beaches are starved of sediment so are wider & flatter
sediment store decreases, rates of LSD decrease & the spit store receives less  High energy waves erode beaches & landforms such as spits
sediment become vulnerable to erosion
 Stores were depleted because it was a closed system & no longer a glacial period →  Loss of vegetation cover makes beaches susceptible to wind
store is reduced 10 times more than natural stores. erosion
 The depletion means that the beach becomes wider & flatter due to the dunes  Shallower water in the harbour also threatened Manawhai’s
being eroded - less effective in absorbing waves → meaning the beach will be less waterfront community with flooding
resistant to marine erosion e.g. hydraulic action & abrasion  AO2: In the future increased rates of coastal erosion are likely
 Processes of erosion are more significant as beaches are flatter & resistance against with declining natural protection from extreme storm events
erosive forces is reduced  Long term retreat by the end of the century is estimated at
35m
 Width of the coastal zone susceptible to erosion varies from
How has this affected coastal landforms: 48 - 111m
 Spit becomes narrower & flatter, decrease in the sediment store
 Beaches are starved of sediment = less effective at absorbing waves


Consequence of this landform change:

 Vulnerability to marine erosion increases, and eventually the spit was breached in
1978
 Shallower water in the harbour also threatened Mangawhai’s waterfront
community with flooding
 Sand removed from 6 – 10m depth = likely to be replaced by beach sand to restore
the equilibrium, since the slope here is the steepest
 Deep storm waves will eventually move sand from deeper down (10 – 25m)
towards the beach, but this may take many decades - not immediate = long term

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