BCAT EXAM STUDY SHEET LATEST UPDATED 2022 RATED A+

BCAT EXAM STUDY SHEET LATEST UPDATED 2022 RATED A+ Deficits in Social Emotional Reciprocity Range from abnormal social approach and failure of normal back and forth conversations; to reduced sharing of interests, emotions, or affect: to failure to initiate or respond to social interactions. Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction Manifested by absent, reduced, or atypical use of eye contact (relative to cultural norms), gestures, facial expressions, body orientation, or speech intonation. Deficits in developing maintaining and understanding relationships Ranging from difficulties adjusting behavior to suit various social context; to difficulties in sharing imaginative play or in making friends; to absence of interest in peers Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects or speech Simple motor stereotypies, lining up toys or flipping objects, echolalia, idiosyncratic phrases (language with a private meaning; only makes sense to those familiar with the situation where the phrases came from) Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of verbal or non-verbal behavior Extreme distress at small changes, difficulties with transitions, rigid thinking patterns, greeting rituals, need to take same route or eat same food everyday Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus Strong attachment to or preoccupation with unusual objects, excessively circumscribed or perseverative interest Hyper or Hypo reactivity to sensory input or unusual interests in sensory aspects of environment Apparent indifference to pain/ temperature, adverse response to specific sounds or textures, excessive smelling or touching of objects, visual fascination with lights or movement. Levels of severity across social communication and restrictive, repetitive behaviors Level 1 Requiring support Level 2 Requiring substantial support Level 3 Requiring very substantial support Postive Reinforcement Sally took off her shoe independently yesterday, her mother clapped her hands and said, "Way to go Sally!" Sally took her shoes off independently again today. The clapping and "way to go" were the postive reinforcer. Negative Reinforcement When you start your car, an annoying noise is sounded. The noise turns off when you put your seatbelt on. The next time you get in the car you put your seatbelt on before you start the car, so you do not hear the noise. Postive Punishment Jose hit Lisa because he wanted her to play with him. The teacher reprimands Jose and told him not to hit her again. Jose then asked Lisa to play with him the next day. Research regarding treatment intensity Comprehensive undertaking that involves the child's entire family and a team of professionals. One-on-one treatment 30-40 hours per week Early intensive behavioral intervention research ABA (Applied Behavior Analysis) Early intensive intervention helps all ages, but those who start before age 2 were most likely to make dramatic gains. Foundational Autism Research IAN (Interactive Autism Network) a project collecting information online from families of children with autism, ABA which may help build the foundation for later social skills training Difference between evidence-based interventions vs. non-evidence based interventions -Evidence-based: a body of formal research indicates the effectiveness of the treatment. (occupational therapy, speech therapy, ABA, social skills therapy) -Non-evidence based: has not been proven effective ( Hippo therapy (horse-back riding), GFCF diet (Gluten free, Casein free) Negative Punishment Jake loves PE. He spits at the teacher during PE class. The teacher sent him to stand in the hall. The next PE class Jake did not spit. Positive Reinforcement A type of reinforcement in which the Presentation of the stimulus is contingent upon the response, resulting in an Increase in the future probability of that response. Negative reinforcement A type of reinforcement in which Removal of a stimulus is contingent on a response, resulting in an Increase in the future probablity of that response. Positive Punishment A type of punishment in which stimulus Presentaion is contingent on a response resulting in the Decrease of the future probability of that response. Negative Punishment A type of punishment in which stimulus Removal is contingent on a response, resulting in the Decrease of the future probability of that response. Reinforcer A stimulus that is either delivered or removed that will Increase the lielihood of that response occurring in the future Punisher Something that causes the target behavior to decrease Conditioned Reinforcer (Secondary reinforcer) A stimulus that initially has no reinforcing properties but through occurring simultaneouly with an unconditioned or strongly contitioned reinforcer, acquires reinforcing properties. Unconditioned Reinforcer (Primary Reinforcer) Reinforcement that is inherent: food, clothing & shelter Extinction A procedure by which a behavior that was previously reinforced no longer recieves reinforcement and the probability of the behavior decreases. Deprivation The more deprived of a particular reinforcer, the more powerful that reinforce will be come, used to make it clear that reinforcement is available if the correct response is given Satiation Repeated presentation of a reinforcer weakens its effectiveness and for this reason the rate of responses declines. Contingency the relationship between two events, one being contingent or a consequence of the other event, Motivating Operation An environmental variable that alters the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus, object or event. Satiation Elijah has just eaten lunch. The TX brings him into session and plans on using pieces of carrots as a reinforcer. Carrots are Elijah's favorite food. Elijah refuses the carrots and begins to not respond during his ABA session. He just ate lunch and is satiated on food. Deprivation Tomi has not eaten since 7:00 am. it is now 10:00 am., the TX offers Tomi food during a preference assessment. Tomi chooses food. He gets 100% correct on his lesson with the food as a reinforcer for each correct response. Antecedent Jim threw his tablet at his mom when she answered the phone. Antecedent the events, actions, or circumstances that occur immediately before a behavior Behavior Anything an organism does Consequence what happens immediately after the behavior 3-Term Contingency (ABC's) Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence - Illustrates how behavior is elicited by the environment and how consequences of behavior