Social Studies 4-8 Texas Certification - PACT

Social Studies 4-8 Texas Certification – PACT Latest 2023 Graded A+ When did the first people start to arrive in America? Around 38,000 BC. (40,000 years ago) Who were the first people to arrive in America? Nomadic Hunter-Gatherers What caused the Nomadic Hunter-Gatherers to come to America? They were following herds of animals they were hunting Define Nomadic Hunter-Gatherers Communities of people who move from place to place, relying on plants and animals found in the wild for food Define Migration The movement of a number of people (or animals), often to establish a new homeland How did the Nomadic Hunter-Gatherers travel to America from Asia? It was during the Ice Age. This means that seawater was frozen, causing the ocean level to be low. Gatherers were able to cross land that had been exposed due to this, known as the Bering Land Bridge. This was located at the tip of Asia and reached to Alaska. What is the Land Bridge Theory? A theory of the Hunter-Gatherers using the Bering Land Bridge to cross from Asia to America during the Ice Age. What happened in 10,500 BC The Ice Age ended. Oceans rose and covered the Bering Land Bridge. This prevented migration into North America. Ice Age animals died off or were hunted until extinction. Smaller animals that thrive in warmer weather replaced them Define Culture The way a society behaves and its system of beliefs, laws, and customs What is maize? An early form of corn Who were the first settlers in America? Some nomadic tribes stayed in Alaska, they then began to settle in America by building permanent homes and learning to plant seeds Define society A group of people living together as a group Define civilizations An advanced and complicated society Who was one of the first great civilizations? The Olmec society Who were the Olmec? A society who flourished in MesoAmerica. They grew enough food to feed thousands of people and are known for the giant stone sculptures and pyramids they built. In 400 BC, they disappeared and no-one knows why. What is MesoAmerica? The area now called Central America Where and when did the Maya civilization develop? Around 300 BC in the mesoamerican rain forest Olmec Location and Time Frame Mesoamerica, 1200-400 BC Maya Location and Time Frame Mesoamerica, 300 BC-900 CE Aztec Location and Time Frame Mexico, Tenochtitlan, CE Inca Location and Time Frame South America, Cuzco, CE Who were the Maya? They raised crops and built pyramids and temples. They had theocracy, meaning they worshipped the sun, stars, and moon. They also developed a 365-day calendar. The Maya built a large trade network and canals. By 900 CE, their power and influence had diminished greatly. Define Theocracy Rule by god(s); government where the priests are in charge Who were the Aztecs? They began as hunters and warriors, conquering what is now Central Mexico around 1100 CE. They founded their capital, Tenochtitlan in 1325 on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco. They built bridges to connect the island to their mainland. The capital became one of the largest cities in the world. They continued to conquer and became extremely powerful. They even used some prisoners as human sacrifices. By 1500, they were a powerful empire. Who were the Incas? They began as small groups in the Andres Mountains. Around 1100 CE, they founded their capital, Cuzco, in what is now Peru. Powerful government united them into a population of about 12 million people, all speaking the common language of Quechua. They did terraced farming and built cities such as Machu Picchu for their religious ceremonies. Remember the order in which the first empires rose and fell Oh! -Olmec My! -Maya America's -Aztec Interesting! -Inca What was Beringia? The land bridge between Asia and North America Why did the people first come to America? People were following animal migrations, but they stopped when Beringia was covered by water when the glacial period ended How do cultures become different from one another? It happens over time, as they are separated from their roots and develop new traditions What is a theocracy? A government controlled by priests What was the language of the Inca Empire? Quechua What was the capital of the Aztec Empire and when was it founded? Tenochtitlan, 1325 CE Define Anasazi Ancient ones What were the "Four Corner" areas? Where Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico meet What were "pit houses"? Dwellings dug partly into the ground by Anasazi people in 12000 BCE in the 4 corners What is adobe? sun-dried brick, a type of clay Define Cliff-Dwellings Homes built along cliff walls and mountainsides What is Monks Hound? A 100 foot high mound in Collinsville, Illinois Name 3 types of homes that the Anasazi created Pit houses, pueblos, and cliff dwellings How did the Mound Builders use mounds? To be used as temples and tombs What was Cahokia? The largest settlement of the Mississippian people What was a major factor in the differences between the cultures of Native American tribes? Where they lived: climate, geography, and resources What is an example of a nomadic Native American tribe? Blackfoot/Apache/Comanche/Dakota What was the silk road? Caravan routes which linked China and the West. (Silk and spice) What came out of the renaissance? It was a period of growing knowledge and innovations in technology. Better maps and new tech changed naviagtion. What did magnetic compasses do? Improved safety and efficiency of ocean travel What were caravels? Speedy and maneuverable boats with sails North Atlantic Current Clockwise South Atlantic Current Counterclockwise What were the crusades? Nine expeditions by Europeans to win back control of their holy sites from the Muslims What did Marco Polo do? Introduced Europeans to the four "S's" (Spices, Silk, Scents, and precious Stones) from Asia and the Middle East. What did Prince Henry the Navigator do? Built a school of navigation in the 1400s which developed the caravel and enabled Portuguese sailors to explore the coast of West Africa and trade for gold, ivory, and slaves. What they wanted most was to sail to India and trade directly with its merchants. Who were the Vikings? From Scandinavia, first Europeans to explore NA. How did Christopher Columbus receive money for his voyage? By appealing to the desire to spread Christianity and by promising incredible riches. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. In 1492.... Columbus sailed the ocean blue. What were the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria? 3 ships Columbus had to find a quicker route to India by sailing West. What was the land Columbus first found? San Salvador, "Holy Savior", ashore of the Bahamas What is the Line of Demarcation? The line Pope Alexander VI drew on a map from top to the bottom giving Spain everything tot he west and Portugal everything to the East on the newly found lands. What was the Treaty of Tordesillas? agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers. Who was Amerigo Vespucci? He sailed along the coast of South America and was one of the first to realize it was not Asia. A German mapmaker labeled the new land "America" in his honor What was the Columbian Exchange? The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas. What was a negative effect of the Columbian Exchange? The Native Americans did not have immunity to European Diseases and 20 million died over a 100 year span Conquistadores were... They wanted to: Convert people to Christianity, trade for goods, find lots of gold. A Spanish explorer and conqueror given permission to settle in America form this King and Queen. In return they would receiver 20 percent of any treasure found. Who was Hernan Cortes? A Spanish Conquistador who attacked the Aztecs and captured Montezuma. What was La Noche Triste? The "sad night", June 30, 1520. The people pf Tenochtitlan drove the Spanish and their allies from the city. The Aztec emperor was killed. Who was Francisco Pizarro? Conquered the Incas How did Cortes and Pizarro conquer powerful empires? -Their weapons, armors, and horses made them seem godlike and gave them advantage -They took their enemies by surprise -They got the support of oppressed locals -European diseases like smallpox wiped out a large percentage of the Aztec and Inca populations What are pueblos? Which were towns and trading centers What are missions? Focused on converting people to Christianity What are presidios? They were forts What is a cash crop? A plant that farmers grow to make money. (coffee, cotton, tobacco, and sugar.) What is the Northwest Passage? A water route through NA, so ships could sail from the Atlantic to the Pacific for trade What was the economic theory of Mercantilism A nation's power was in its wealth Why did the Portuguese want to sail directly to India? They wanted to cut out the middleman Sugar became known as... "White gold" Why did the Spanish and Portuguese decide they needed slaves? To help with tough farming of sugar. American Indians originally were doing the work but diseases were killing their population Who set up Tobacco Plantations originally? The British Why did plantations owners think Africans were ideal workers for plantations? -They were far from home, so they didn't have a free place to run away to -Plantation owners could enslave the slave's children -Many of the slaves had been farmers, so they had experience -They already had immunity to the diseases that killed Native Americans What was the triangular trade? A triangle shaped series of Atlantic trade routes linking West Indies (Sugar & molasses) ------ American Colonies (Rum & Iron) ------- Africa (Slaves & Gold) ------- What was the Middle Passage? The journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas What were slave codes? Considered slaves property and granted them almost no rights