Henry VII BRIEF SUMMARY LATEST UPDATES

Henry VII BRIEF SUMMARY Who is he? - The first Tudor King When did he reign from? - Where was he born? - Pembroke, Wales Who were his parents? - Edmund Tudor and Margaret Beaufort Who was Margaret a descendant of? - Edward III What is his claim to the throne? - His father was Edmund Tudor What House did his family belong to and who was king when he was a child? - Lancaster - red rose King was Edward IV Why did he have to flee England and who did he go with and where? - War of Roses continuing - House of York won big victory when Edward won Battle of Tewkesbury - many of House of Lancaster died in battle or executed Fled England as fugitive for own safety with uncle and lived in exile in France for many years. What made him come back to England, where did he land and who is in power? - Richard III had been in power 2 years but not popular - rumoured to have had his nephews murdered in the tower - one of whom was to be rightful King, Edward V. Supporters back Henry but on condition he makes a pact if he becomes King, to marry Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV and thus end War of the Roses What is his army made of? - Where do I land and what battle do I win and when do I get crowned King? - Land on remote beach at Milford Haven in Wales in 1485 as furtively as possible, with rag tag army of supporters and mercenaries. Richard's army greater in number. Marched across Wales to England and met Richard's army at Battle of Bosworth - won against all odds- Richard killed in battle and his body dumped naked on a cart How do I make sure I consolidate power ? - CARCUT - CARCUT Control Alliances Restrict Retaining Council and Star Chamber Unity Treaties U= UNITY - who, how why? - Marriage to Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV, to unite Houses of York and Lancaster Ensured Parliament recognised his title as King early on Had sons Arthur and Henry who also could be claimed to unite the blood lines of York and Lancasters Used powerful images = i.e. adopt Tudor Rose as powerful emblem of unity combining red and white of the two Houses - used everywhere (eg in buildings, on first pound coins (Tudor Rose on one side, image of Henry VII as majestic king on other) , to stamp his mark as true king and end of the War of Roses C= CONTROL -= who, how and why? - Control and reduce power of nobles - replace them in positions of power by educated loyal men who were lower than Nobles (lots of accountants and powerful lawyers to serve my government) - more likely to be loyal Reward loyal subjects and Lancastrian nobles with money and lands Confiscate lands and title from powerful Yorkists and restore to Lancastrians who had lost them in War of the Roses R= RESTRICTING Practice of RETAINING what, how and why? - Passed Law of Livery Nobles had to sign a bond of Recognizance to limit number of soldiers nobles can have (called retaining) while building up my own powerful army - my courts could impose HUGE fines and harsh penalties if try to disobey. C= COUNCIL + COURT OF THE STAR CHAMBER What, how and why? - 1. Establish or use old laws to impose huge almost unpayable fiones or force bonds of behaviour which if broken would leave a subject on financial ruin - so rule by fear and threat of huge unpayable fines 2. Only allow closest and trusted advisers to work for me at Court in Privy Council - eg Dudley - who used to work in the City of London so knew its dealings very well 3. Establish powerful network of spies to gather intelligence of any conspiracies against me and obedience with laws eg on retaining 4. Appointed loyal lawyers to my courts and gave them power to carry out the penalties and fines. 5. Kept nobles out of the important positions in King's Council so they had less power and influence at court T- TREATIES and ALLIANCES? Signed with who, why and benefits? - 1. Trade treaties with countries like the Netherlands (to export textiles) and France - brought great wealth to King';s coffers - less dependent on nobles and able to build up own powerful army and paid network of spies 2. Pact with Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain that first son, Arthur betrothed to their daughter Catherine of Aragon to unite two powerful countries 3. Arranged marriage of daughter Margaret Tudor with James IV Of Scotland How did he get money for building a powerful army? - He fined merchants and nobles a lot of money, he made treaties with France and the Netherlands, he supervised Treasury control, avoided war and enforced taxes to the point of ruthlessness Why was he so paranoid about my position? - Powerful enemies plotting and arguing that he had no proper claim to throne How did he die? - Tuberculosis When? - 1509 Where was he buried? - With his wife in Westminster Abbey, who had died in childbirth before People say by making the Crown less financially dependent on the nobles, I help set a path towards modern government - why? - 1. Set up powerful administration through use of Court of the Star Chamber (to deal with legal matters and pass judgments), Councils in North and Wales top better rule over those regions. Also gave more power to Justices of the Peace to keep order 2. Thus created government by more centralized Tudor State rather than ole medieval system and gradually gained more control for Crown rather than nobles. What was he obsessed with ? - Money, control and leaving a powerful legacy of the Tudor dynasty Did he succeed? - Yes money- what coin was created under my reign and what purpose did it serve? - Money - Also Established The First Sovereign The First One Pound Coin The gold sovereign came into existence in 1489 under King Henry VII. The pound sterling had been a unit of account for centuries, as had the mark. Now for the first time a coin denomination was issued with a value of one pound sterling. This new coin weighed was made using the standard gold coinage alloy of 23 carat. The First Design The obverse design showed the King seated facing on a throne, a very majestic image. It is from this image of the monarch or sovereign that the new coin gained its name - the sovereign. The reverse type is a shield bearing the royal arms, on a large double Tudor rose. One of the reasons for the issue of the sovereign was to imitate similar large gold coins being produced on the Continent. Another was to impress Europe with the power, prestige and success of the new Tudor dynasty. Who were my sons and what became of them? - Arthur who died shortly after marrying Catherine Henry (later Henry VIII) who married Catherine (but only after I died because lot of wrangling over her dowry) and who carried on powerful Tudor Dynasty Essay question 1 - A. Make a list of all those things that Henry VII did to put England back together and make it a strong economy? - 6 points- UCRCTA Unity Control Restrict Retaining Council and Star Chamber Treaties Alliances Essay question 2 B. Write down the threats that Henry faced to his plans? - 1. Powerful nobles - risking continuation of War of Roses, threat from Scotland and other challenges his position as King from powerful nobles 2. Claim that he had no rightful claim to throne because he was descended from a servant and not legitimate heir despite noble line 3. Expensive foreign wars 4. Bankruptcy of country if not enough money flowing to treasury - leaving Crown weak Essay question 3 3. What did Henry plan for the future to keep England a powerful nation? - 1. Powerful Tudor dynasty through his sons 2. Building up strong army for the King to defend against nobles and foreign powers 3. Passing on great wealth to his son Henry VIII as King - helped keep power 4. Alliances through marriage (Spain and Scotland) to keep the peace and avoid wars and keep power 5. Trade Treaties and tax system to bring in wealth for crown 6. Work towards modern powerful administrative centralized system with King at head rather than old medieval feudal system Essay question 4 A. Is Henry VII judged to be a good/wise king ? B. What would his critics say about Henry VII? - A. Mostly Yes because: 1. managed to establish end to War of Roses, control nobility, increase power and wealth of Crown 2. Avoided costly wars 3. Promoted trade 4. Began work of building modern administration 5. Biggest achievement to establish strong Tudor Dynasty in Henry VIII (able to leave him a lot of wealth and power) and later Elizabeth I - latter presided over England's golden age B. 1. Critics thought he was too oppressive, (called the Winter King) , miserly - ruling by fear and harsh fines and penalties and trusting hardly anyone. 2. Surrounded himself with loyal accountants and lawyers and promoted lower gentry instead of allowing a true nobility to be part of his government 3. Government controlled strictly by Henry as King and his courts not always just! The Tudors - Chapter 2 Describe the term 'elites'. - Select groups that are considered superior to the rest of society What is a 'magnate'? - A member of the higher ranks of the nobility What is the 'Duchy of Lancaster'? - Significant property that belonged to the king, but was formally territory of the duke What are 'prerogative rights'? - Rights/powers exercised by the monarch without Parliament's consent Describe the term 'bureaucrat' - Government official responsible for procedural correctness Describe the term 'courtier' - Person attending royal court as a servant or adviser to the monarch What was the 'Chamber'? - Private areas of court that dealt with the efficient collection of royal revenues What was the Privy Chamber? - The monarch's close, personal servants who had direct access to them Describe the term 'chivalrous' - To be gallant or courteous What is 'extraordinary revenue'? - One-off payments to the king for an emergency Describe the term 'fifteenths and tenths' - Standard form of taxation paid by towns Describe the term 'bond' - A legal document that bound two individuals to complete a task or forfeit a sum of money, if failed to do so Describe the term 'recognisance' - Formal acknowledgement of debt (or other obligation) that could be dealt with using financial penalty Describe the term 'wardship' - Crown gained profits from land owned by a minor Describe the term 'Statute of Uses' - A law to stop people making land into trusts to avoid paying tax What were the 3 main functions of Henry VII's council? - Advise the king Administer the realm on king's behalf Make legal judgements What role did John Morton get in 1486? - Archbishop of Canterbury What further role did John Morton get in 1493? - Cardinal What role did Sir Reginald Bray have under Henry VII? - Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster How old was Margaret Beaufort when she gave birth to Henry VII? - 14 Who does David Loades believe was Henry VII's most influential advisor? - Lady Margaret Beaufort Who was Reginald Bray's associate in the Council Learned? - Sir Richard Empson What year did Sir Reginald Bray die? - 1503 What plot against Henry VII was Sir William Stanley involved in? - The Perkin Warbeck imposture What were the two main functions of parliament at the time? - To grant taxation and pass laws What was the date of Henry VII's first parliament? - November 1485 - March 1486 How much did fifteenths and tenths yield by 1497? - £203,000 How often did the Justices of the Peace meet each year? - 4 times What were 3 of the main roles given to JPs? - Tax assessment Alehouse regulations Maintaining law and order Could the JPs over-rule the county sheriff? - Yes Sources of income for the royal finances - Crown lands Extraordinary revenue Pensions from abroad Feudal dues Profits of justice Custom revenue It is thought Henry amassed (accumulated) how much worth of treasure? Which historian thinks this is a myth? - £1,800,000 John Guy At the beginning of Henry VII's reign, income had dropped to about how much? - £12,000 By the end of Henry VII's reign, how much was he making per year? - £42,000 In 1874, John Richard Green argued that Edward IV and Henry VII represented what type of monarchy? - A 'new monarchy' What battle did Henry VII defeat Richard III at? - Battle of Bosworth What year was the Battle of Stoke Field? - 1487 What was the name of Henry VII's first son? - Arthur What year was Henry VII's first son born? – 1486 LOCAL GOVERNMENT Who were the Local Government? - Members of the nobility who governed localities. -What were the roles of Justices of the Peace? -What did they achieve? -How beneficial/effective were they for Henry? - -They were part of the Local Government and maintained order by executing legislation. -in 1487 JP's were given the power to grant bail. In 1495 they were permitted by the king to deal with disloyal juries. -JP's were guaranteed to to be loyal to the king because if they disobeyed him, they would decline on a social level. Successful and loyal JP's could ascend the social hierarchy by being awarded a title, which motivated them to want to work well for the king as this was a prestigious honour. What were the central government? How was the Central Government successful for Henry and the Crown revenue? - Central government=Nobles only Henry trusted (based on their loyalty to the king)there was an elite inner circle (Jasper Tudor, Henry's uncle, John de Vere, Lord stanley) Henry hired educated professionals (Lawyers, accountants) to successfully exploit the crown lands. He only trusted certain nobles so very few could usurp him by taking advantage of his claim to the throne. By attending as many meetings as possible h upheld his authority and consolidated his supremacy amongst the nobles, ensured loyalty from them and minimized risk of conspiracies. Who were the Provincial council? Why were they successful for Henry? - Provincial council= Part of central government located in wales and North of England. To prevent Provincial Council becoming too powerful or undermining him, Henry monitored these areas by extending Royal council to these provinces. Henry was able to effectively govern England. By monitoring PC's he was able to maintain control. Placing nobles like the duke of Bedford and the earl of surrey into these areas on his behalf meant his authority was always present in such reigions. (control over nobles) What was the order of the Garter? How was it effective? How many nobles recieved this ward from Henry? - The order of the Garter was an ancient prestigious award that bestowed much status on the recipient but cost henry nothing. It was effective because awarding the order of the Garter meant that Henry would receive loyalty from nobles who hoped to receive the award and from nobles who were thankful to Henry for receiving one. Creating new titles for nobles cost the crown money so this was a free alternative. Henry saved money. He awarded 37 nobles the order of the Garter. (control over nobles) Henry kept land that belonged to former peerage families. Give examples.