NES Elementary Education Subtest 2 (part II) Questions and Answers 2023

NES Elementary Education Subtest 2 (part II) Questions and Answers 2023 Homeostasis A state of internal balance by living organisms Autotrophs Organisms that harness energy from sunlight and using it to produce glucose. Heterotrophs Organisms that receive energy by eating plants or animals. Organelles Small structures within animal/plant cells that fulfill specialized functions. Bacterial cells lack most organelles. Mitochondria Breaks down glucose to provide energy to the cell Four Basic Types of Animal Tissue Connective Epithelial Muscle Nerve Epithelial Tissue Forms many glands that line cavities. Functions include: secretion, absorption, protection, transcellular transport Connective Tissue Supports and binds other types of tissues Muscular Tissue Aids in contraction and movement of the body muscles Nervous Tissue Helps in coordination of different organs The 11 Organ Systems of the Human Body Circulatory, Digestive, Endocrine, Excretory Immune, Integumentary, Muscular, Nervous Reproductive, Respiratory, and Skeletal. Xylem Transports water throughout the plant Phloem Innermost layer of bark which transports glucose throughout the plant Chloroplast Organelle in plants that conduct photosynthesis The chemical formula for photosynthesis is: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Carbon dioxide + Water + Light energy → Glucose + Oxygen ____ ____ is the biological classification created by ____ ____. Linnaean Taxonomy Carl Linnaeus Modern taxonomy uses genetic analysis and comparison of physical traits to classify organisms according to a hierarchy of taxonomic Domains, Kingdoms, Phylums, Class, Order, Families, Genus, Species Eukaryotes All organisms with cells that have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles. Four kingdoms that fit into this domain: animals, plants, protists, and fungi Prokaryotes Neither have nuclei nor organelles with membranes. True bacteria fit in this domain. Archaea Microorganisms similar to bacteria but genetically different. Often found in extreme environments. Eggs Many laid by adult females so that at least some of them will survive. Larva Insect larvae hatch from the eggs and bear no resemblance to their adult parents. Eats so it can grow quickly. When growth is complete, the larva transforms into a pupa. Pupa. The pupa stage is usually considered a resting stage, although much activity is going on within a sealed chrysalis or cocoon. Special cells that were present in the larva are now growing rapidly and will become the legs, wings, eyes and other parts of the adult insect. After the reorganization is complete, the pupa splits to reveal the mature adult with functional wings. This stage can last a few weeks, a month, or even several years. Incomplete Metamorphosis Consists of only three life cycle stages: egg, nymph, and adult. Nymphs are smaller versions of the adults and are wingless. Nymphs molt and have no pupa stage. Heredity The transmission of characteristics carried by the genetic code from one generation to the next Genes A sequence of DNA which code for specific functions & characteristics Chromosomes Structures of coiled DNA A simple food chain might look like this: sun → grass → grasshopper → toad → snake → hawk → decay bacteria Commensalism The relationship between 2 organisms where one benefits without affecting the other. Mutualism The relationship between 2 organisms where each benefit. Parasitism A non-mutual relationship where the parasitic species benefits at the cost of its host. Quark The fundamental building blocks of known particles In total, _____ elements have been observed as of March 2010, and new elements continue to be discovered. Of these, _____ occur naturally; the others are produced in laboratories. 118, 95 Compounds Groups of two or more elements that are bonded together through chemical change. Laws of Conservation of Matter Matter can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. Newton's First Law An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will remain in motion UNLESS a force is added to the object. Newton's Second Law Any change in motion involves acceleration. The greater the mass of the object being accelerated, the greater the amount of force needed to accelerate the object. Newton's Third Law For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Inclined Plane A slanted surface used to raise an object. Wedge An inclined plane which moves. Lever Three parts: fulcrum, effort arm, and resistance arm. Pulley A pulley is a chain, belt or rope wrapped around a wheel. The mechanical advantage of a pulley system is approximately equal to the amount of supporting ropes or strands. A rig on a flagpole or a sailing mast are examples of pulleys. Wheel & Axle A lever that rotates in a circle around a fulcrum. The larger wheel (or outside) rotates around the smaller wheel (axle). Compound Machines Two or more simple machines working together. A wheelbarrow is an example of a complex machine that uses a lever and a wheel and axle. Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation Radiation (in visible light, radio waves, gamma rays, x-rays) in which electric & magnetic fields vary simultaneously. Amplitude Measure of the distance between a wave's crest and trough Frequency The number of oscillations a wave undergoes in a certain amount of time Electromagnetic Spectrum The entire range of electromagnetic waves The wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum vary in size from very long radio waves the size of buildings, to very short gamma-rays smaller than the size of the nucleus of an atom; they include, from longest wavelength to shortest: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma-rays. The Law of Reflectance: The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Scattering is merely a reflection from a rough surface. Incoming light waves are reflected at many different angles because the surface is uneven. The most commonly-seen type of lens is the _____ _____. A convex lens is a converging lens; it focuses the light passing through it to a point. A convex lens is used to bend light in a magnifying glass so objects appear larger than they really are. A concave lens spreads out light rays that have been refracted through it. convex lens A _____ lens is used to correct short-sightedness. concave Static electricity. In order to understand static electricity, it is important to review the basics of atoms. An atom consists of protons, electrons, and neutrons. Protons have a positive charge, electrons are negatively charged, and neutrons have no charge. Because atoms normally have the same number of electrons as protons, the positive and negative charges cancel each other out and, as a result, atoms usually have no charge; they are neutral. Static electricity is the result of an imbalance between negative and positive charges in an object. Normally, the protons and neutrons in the nucleus are held together very tightly. But some of the outer electrons are held very loosely; they can move from one atom to another. If an electron is removed from a neutral atom, the atom is left with more positive particles and acquires a positive charge. If an electron is added to a neutral atom, the atom has more negative particles and acquires a negative charge. The more positive atoms or negative electrons you have, the stronger the attraction for the other. For example, rubbing a shoe against a carpet creates an excess of electrons. When reaching and touching a doorknob a shock, or tiny spark, is felt or seen; excess electrons are released to recreate a balance of electrons and protons in atoms. Lightning is also a result of static electricity. Current electricity. Current electricity comes from a stream of electrons moving through a conductor, such as copper. Some materials allow charges, usually electrons, to flow through the material. These materials are called conductors, and the flow of charge is called current. Some materials are better conductors than others; they offer very little resistance to the flow of electrons. Most metals are very good conductors—copper, silver, gold, aluminum, or steel, for example. However, not all substances are good conductors. Materials that do not conduct electricity well are called insulators. Rubber, plastic, wood, cloth, glass, and dry air are good insulators; they have very high resistance to the flow of electrons. Insulators Materials that do not conduct electricity well. Magnetism A physical phenomenon produced by the motion of electric charge, resulting in attractive and repulsive forces between objects. Magnetite A mineral with naturally occurring iron oxides (AKA Lodestone)