NSG-434 Exam 2 Questions with complete solution 2023

NSG-434 Exam 2 Questions with complete solution 2023 dehydration - correct answer -A common body disturbance in infants and children - total output of fluid exceeds total intake -Degrees of dehydration related to percentage of body weight: •Mild dehydration: loss of less than 5% in infants and 3% in children •Moderate: loss of 5%-10% in infants and 3%-6% in children •Severe: loss of more than 10% in infants and 6% in older children -Other predictors of fluid loss: •Change in level of consciousness: irritable with moderate dehydration; lethargic with severe dehydration •Altered response to stimuli •Decreased skin elasticity and turgor •Prolonged cap refill •Increased heart rate (usually earliest sign) •Sunken eyes and fontanels •Mottling -Lab tests: •Serum bicarbonate •Urine specific gravity and BUN are unreliable assessments Therapeutic Management: -Mild - moderate: •Oral rehydration over 4 to 6 hours -Severe: •IV fluids to expand fluid volume and replace deficits diarrhea - correct answer -Diarrhea involves: •The stomach (gastroenteritis) •The small intestines (enteritis) •The colon (colitis) •The colon and intestines (enterocolitis) -Acute diarrhea: a sudden increase in frequency and a change in consistency of stools, often caused by an infectious agent in the GI tract -Chronic diarrhea: an increase in stool frequency and increased water content with a duration of more than 14 days -Most pathogens that cause diarrhea are spread by the fecal-oral route from person to person •Close contact (day care centers) -Rotavirus is the most important cause of serious gastroenteritis among children -Most children are infected with rotavirus at least once by 5 years of age Therapeutic Management: -Oral rehydration therapy -Early reintroduction to a normal diet is recommended Care Management: -Education regarding s/s of dehydration -Skin care to prevent excoriation -Education regarding prevention measures -Give kids a BRAT diet (bland, rice, applesauce, toast), scrambled eggs, jello, pudding, soup, etc. constipation - correct answer -An alteration in the frequency, consistency, or ease of passing stool -Often associated with: •Painful bowel movements •Blood-streaked or retained stool •Abdominal pain •Lack of appetite •Stool incontinence Causes: -Structural disorders: Hirschsprung's disease, strictures -Systemic disorders: hypothyroidism, hypercalcemia -Medications: antacids, diuretics, antiepileptics, antihistamines, opioids, iron supplements -Spinal cord lesions -Management: high fiber diet, exercise, regular toileting habits after meals, stool softeners, emotional support - helping child to feel in control encopresis - correct answer -Repeated and involuntary defecation in a child older than 4, may be the result of constipation -Frustrating for parents and child