Amsco APUSH Chapter 13 latest update graded A+

Amsco APUSH Chapter 13 latest update graded A+ free-soil movement; Free-Soil party A political party with the main purpose of stopping the expansion of slavery in western territories, arguing free men on free soil. conscience Whigs Anti-slavery whigs who opposed both the Texas annexation and the Mexican War on moral grounds. "barnburners" This was a group that was part of the Free Soil Party. They were called "barnbuners" because their defection threatened to destroy the Democratic party. They nominated Van Buren as their candidate in the 1848 election. popular sovereignty This principle of government states that political power rests with the people. This power is expressed by voting and free participation in government. Lewis Cass Democratic senator who proposed popular sovereignty to settle the slavery question in the territories; he lost the presidential election in 1848 against Zachary Taylor but continued to advocate his solution to the slavery issue throughout the 1850s. Henry Clay Engineered the Conpromise of 1850, which was his third great compromise. He suggested that the North should yield by enacting a more feasible fugitive-slavelaw. "Great Compromiser" responisble for 3 most important compromises in American history.Without him,the Civil War wouuld have occured much earlier. Zachary Taylor 12th US President () Taylor was a general and hero of the Mexican-American war. He was elected to the presidency in 1848, representing the Whig party. He was in office during the crisis of California's admittance to the Union but died in office before a compromise could be worked out, and left vice president Filmore to finalize a deal between the hostile north and south. Advocated admission of California and New Mexico to US. Compromise of 1850 Called for the admission of California as a free state, organizing Utah and New Mexico with out restrictions on slavery, adjustment of the Texas/New Mexico border, abolition of slave trade in District of Columbia, and tougher fugitive slave laws. Its passage was hailed as a solution to the threat of national division. Stephen A. Douglas American politician from Illinois who developed the method of popular sovereignty as a way to settle slave state or free state. He helped passed the compromise of 1850 as well as giving the states the choice with popular sovereignty. Millard Fillmore Successor of President Zachary Taylor after his death on July 9th 1850. He helped pass the Compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of Northern Whigs for the compromise. Fugitive Slave Law Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad. Underground Railroad network of clandestine routes by which African slaves in the 19th century United States attempted to escape to free states, or as far north as Canada It allowed thousands of slaves to escape to freedom. Harriet Tubman United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North () Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin which was a book about how brutally slaves in the South were treated. Fueled the fires for the Civil War, and people who weren't against slavery became abolitionists, outsold the Bible. Hinton R. Helper,Impending Crisis of the South book of nonfiction that attacked slavery using statistics to demonstrate to fellow southerners (he was from NC) that slavery had a negative impact on the South's economy; Southern states banned the book but used by the North George Fitzhugh, Sociology of the South boldest and most well known of proslavery authors, questioned the principle of equal rights for unequal men and attacked the capitalist wage system as worse than slavery Franklin Pierce 14th President of the United States; popularity in the North declined sharply after he came out in favor of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, repealing the Missouri Compromise and reopening the question of the expansion of slavery in the West. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries. Know-Nothing Party Secretive Nativist political party that opposed Immigration during the 1840's and early 1850's. Officially called the American Party. Republican Party Political party that believed in the non-expansion of slavery and comprised of Whigs, Northern Democrats, and Free-Soilers, in defiance to the Slave Powers John C. Fremont an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery. James Buchanan The 15th President of the United States (). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860. New England Emigrant Aid Company Antislavery organization in the North that sent out thousands of pioneers to the Kansas-Nebraska territory to thwart the Southerners and abolitionize the West. "Bleeding Kansas" a sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-slavery elements that took place in kansas-nebraska territory. the dispute further strained the relations of the north and south, making civil war imminent. John Brown; Pottawatomie Creek in retaliation for a proslavery group attack on antislavery outpost Lawrence, KS, Brown, an abolitionist from CT, led sons on an attack of a proslavery farm settlement here, killing 5 settlers Sumner-Brooks incident Mass Senator in 1856 Charles Sumner verbally attacked the Democratic administration in a vitriolic speech, and his remarks included charges against SC Senator Andrew Butler; Preston Brooks, Butler's nephew, beat Sumner over the head with a cane to defend his uncle's honor Lecompton constitution Supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state. Dred Scott v. Sandford 1857 Supreme Court decision that stated that slaves were not citizens; that livig in a free state or territory, even for many years, did not free slaves; and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitional Roger Taney chief justice of the supreme court who wrote an opinion in the 1857 Dred Scott case that declared the Missouri compromise unconstitutional Abraham Lincoln 16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth () Lincoln-Douglas debates 1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate house-divided speech made by Abraham Lincoln before he was elected stating that the United States will either be all slave or all free because it can't be half and half and still succeed. Freeport Doctrine Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. It was unpopular with Southerners, and thus cost him the election. Harpers Ferry raid Brown's idea to use guns from the arsenal to arm VA slaves whom he expected to rise and revolt; federal troops under Robert E. Lee captured Brown and his band after a two-day siege; Brown and his followers were killed; a martyr to the North, a rebel and radical to the South election of 1860 Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union. secession the withdrawal of eleven Southern states from the Union in 1860 which precipitated the American Civil War Crittenden compromise Attempt in 1860 by Kentucky Senator John Crittenden to prevent Civil War; offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves; defeated by Republicans