Bioethics Midterm (Chapters 1-4) Questions With Complete Solutions

Which of the following is TRUE of libertarians? correct answer: They favor government for defense and for limited public works. There is a breakthrough in cancer research and a new drug seems to cure anyone who takes it for a year, but it is very rare and expensive, so there is only enough for a few patients. Kantian ethical theory would favor allocating this drug according to: correct answer: a lottery. Which of these is FALSE about utilitarianism as a moral theory? correct answer: Virtuous acts done for the sake of being virtuous matter in this theory. Identify a TRUE statement about natural law. correct answer: It commanded humans to resist their feelings. In describing ethical theories, which of the following is TRUE? correct answer: Some forms of utilitarianism consider the suffering of animals in calculating the greatest good for the greatest number. The Ethics of Care is most identified with: correct answer: feminism. Which of the following is a FALSE statement about the ethics of triage in medicine? correct answer: Triage ethics owes its philosophical roots to ancient Greek quality-of-life ethics. The ethical theory most in sympathy with the ethos of public health is: correct answer: Utilitarianism Ultimately, Kant tried to equate morality with: correct answer: reason. _____ are examples of impartial ethical theories. correct answer: Kantian ethics and utilitarianism Ancient Greek physicians adopted ethics best described as: correct answer: role based. A shipwreck has occurred in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, and there is no time to radio for help. It is at a distance of a thousand miles from Africa. Rescue may not be coming. The captain is in a lifeboat but too many people want to get in, and a storm is approaching. If the captain follows utilitarian ethical theory, whom will he allow to stay in the lifeboat? correct answer: He would choose those who were the strongest. Which of these philosophers was opposed to the idea that terminal patients could take their own lives? correct answer: Immanuel Kant The doctrine of double effect has recently been used in palliative care in connection with a practice in that field called: correct answer: terminal sedation. Identify the strongest and best reason why disability advocates resisted Elizabeth Bouvia's decision to die. correct answer: Lack of flexible support for disabled persons left her with only the false choice to autonomously die. Which of these is TRUE? correct answer: Larry McAfee had a $1 million insurance policy. The major objection by disability advocates to increased emphasis on autonomy for patients such as Larry McAfee and Elizabeth Bouvia is: correct answer: they think scarce resources drive patients to make autonomous decisions to die. Which of these is FALSE about physician-assisted dying in Holland? correct answer: Incompetent patients in comas for many years are routinely assisted to die by Dutch physicians. Which of the following statements is FALSE? correct answer: Dr. Kevorkian never spent time in jail for his actions. Identify a TRUE statement about the case of Brittany Maynard. correct answer: She moved to Oregon in June 2014 so that she could die on her own terms. Which of these is an organization that promotes autonomy and palliative care for terminal patients? correct answer: Compassion & Choices A physician during Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans was charged, along with her nurse, by the district attorney there with: correct answer: murder. Which of the following is TRUE about the Hippocratic Oath? correct answer: It is a patient-centered ethic or ideal. It is TRUE that the support Study said that: correct answer: competent people do not accurately predict what they will later find unacceptable as quality of life when they are faced with decisions about continuing to live on respirators or in a paralyzed state. Paul Longmore dislikes movies such as Million Dollar Baby and Who's Life is it Anyway? because: correct answer: ALL OF THESE (They often portray people alone, as if they have no families and as if nobody is affected by their decision to die. They paint a false, either-or choice that disabled patients must either live a low quality life or be heroically autonomous and kill themselves. they never show how lack of resources and support lead disabled patients to make supposedly autonomous decisions to die. They glorify autonomy.) Which of the following is TRUE of ancient Greek aristocrats? correct answer: They thought that the Study of philosophy would provide wisdom to approach death. Which of the following was the view of David Hume on death? correct answer: He argued that suicide, "is no transgression of our duty to God." The policy of the American Medical Association (AMA) on physician-assisted dying and letting patients die (withdrawing respirators or feeding tubes) changed between 1973 and 1986 in that: correct answer: a physician letting a patient die is no longer considered morally equivalent to physician-assisted dying. _____ usually means the killing of one person by another for merciful reasons. correct answer: Euthanasia Which of the following statements is FALSE? correct answer: "Oncologists are against physician-assisted dying for terminal patients because it takes money away from them." This is an example of a direct argument against physician-assisted dying. In the case of Larry McAfee in the Birmingham area, which of the following is FALSE? correct answer: Larry was married and had a child. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the case of Elizabeth Bouvia? correct answer: Judge Hews (in the first legal hearing) kept Elizabeth Bouvia alive because he feared her death would have a depressing effect on other handicapped people. Which of the following is a way for a terminal patient to die with minimal medical intervention and maximal control? correct answer: Refusing food The Nazi "euthanasia" program is frequently cited in debates about physician-assisted dying. One misleading aspect of such a citation is that: correct answer: the Nazi program had no consent from patients or patients' families. When Elizabeth Bouvia ultimately won her case, the appellate judges based her right to die on which of the following parts of the U.S. Constitution? correct answer: The implied right to privacy or personal liberty Which of these is TRUE about recent developments in Oregon? correct answer: Far fewer terminal patients in Oregon requested physician-assisted dying than critics predicted before legalization, and of these, only about half or less actually carried it out. Which of the following is NOT an example of a conceptual slippery slope? correct answer: "The real ethics of American physicians remains largely untested. Once physicians no longer make money keeping patients alive but start to make money helping patients die, no patient in America will be safe." Which of these is a FALSE statement about the Schiavo case? correct answer: Leading American, Catholic bioethicists Kevin O'Rourke and John Paris supported Pope John Paul II's view that a feeding tube should be considered ordinary, not extraordinary, medical care. What did the coroner's report declare about Terri Schiavo? correct answer: She needed a feeding tube to live and could not have been fed by mouth. Why did Judge Greer rule that the feeding tube of Terri Schiavo could be withdrawn at the request of her husband Michael Schiavo? correct answer: Michael had met the legal standard in that jurisdiction of clear and convincing evidence about Terri's wishes. Which of the following is a TRUE statement about the chances of awakening of a patient in a persistent vegetative state (PVS)? correct answer: Patients are more likely to awaken from PVS caused by trauma than by anoxia. At the start of the first Quinlan hearing, a question that was begged by the inexperienced young lawyer was: correct answer: whether Mr. Quinlan's desire to remove Karen from her ventilator represented Karen's own, best interests. Identify a TRUE statement about the Quinlan case. correct answer: Karen lost her brain function from a synergistic reaction of barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and alcohol taken on an empty stomach. Which of the following standards of brain death would allow the MOST organs for transplantation? correct answer: Cognitive In its Cruzan decision, the United States Supreme Court decided that: correct answer: a state may not pass a law that restricts the rights of competent patients to refuse treatment, even if such refusal leads to death. About how many years did Terri Schiavo exist in PVS before her death? correct answer: 15 Why did the courts finally allow Nancy Cruzan to die? correct answer: In a new hearing in a lower court, additional people testified about Nancy's wishes before her coma and the legal standard was then met. In reference to the case of Terri Schiavo, dissident neurologists claimed that she had been misdiagnosed. They claimed that her true diagnosis was: correct answer: minimally conscious state. In the Quinlan case, the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Quinlans. How did the hospital administrator respond? correct answer: She refused to implement the decision. Identify a TRUE statement about a partial birth abortion. correct answer: It is performed especially just before birth. Which of these is FALSE about the case of Kenneth Edelin? correct answer: He performed the abortion two days before the birth of the fetus, a partial birth abortion. Which of these is false about abortion laws in America? correct answer: The U.S. Supreme Court has allowed a state to pass a law giving a father of a fetus veto over a woman's decision to abort her fetus. Which of these is NOT part of the Roe v. Wade decision? correct answer: Requirement that a state bans abortions after viability Based on which idea did Marquis and Quinn argue against killing a fetus during an abortion? correct answer: It deprives the fetus of future cognitive experiences such as those of an adult person. What did philosopher Judith Jarvis Thomson argue about abortion? correct answer: A right to life does not entail, in all cases, a right not to be killed. Plan B drugs work by: correct answer: preventing implantation of the embryo in the womb. In the context of abortion, which of the following is true of Christian doctrine? correct answer: The Bible does not explicitly forbid abortion. Operation Rescue, as a protest against abortion, is modeled on: correct answer: civil disobedience. With regard to the case of Kenneth Edelin, M.D., which of the following statements is true? correct answer: Had Dr. Edelin immediately removed the fetus, the fetus might have been viable in a neonatal care nursery. The view that personhood is a gradient reflects the idea that: correct answer: personhood is a continuum with increasing stages. The case of Sherri Finkbine involved: correct answer: abortion of a deformed fetus. enthymeme correct answer: missing premise in an argument