Biology Midterm Latest Update Rated A

Biology Midterm Latest Update Rated A cell membrane thin,flexible barrier around the cell; regulates what goes in and out of the cell cell wall strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria chloroplast captures the energy from sunlight and converts it to chemical energy cytoplasm material inside cell membrane-not including the nucleus cytoskeleton network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement golgi apparatus stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts,and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum lysosome cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell nuclear envelope layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell nucleolus small dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begin ribosome small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein vacuole cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates diffusion process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they area less concentrated osmosis diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane isotonic when the concentration of two solutions is the same hypertonic when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes hypotonic when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes facilitated diffusion movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels active transport energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference endocytosis process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane phagocystosis process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell pinocytosis process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment exocytosis process by which a cell releases a large amount of material adenosine triphosphate (ATP) one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy centriole one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope nucleus structure that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities mitochondria cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use observation process of gathering information about events or processes in a careful, orderly way - use of one or more sense (sight,hearing,touch,smell, and sometimes taste) to gather information data The information gathered from observations. inference a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experiance quantitative data are expressed as numbers, obtained by counting or measuring qualitative data descriptive and involve characteristics that can't usually be counted hypothesis proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations spontaneous generation life arising from non living matter controlled experiment when one variable is changed at a time. the other variables are kept unchanged, or controlled manipulated variable variable that is deliberately changed responding variable variable that is observed and that changes in response to the manipulated variable theory when particular hypothesis' may become so well supported scientists consider this sexual reproduction cells form two different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism biology science that seeks to understand the living world Asexual reproduction new organism has a single parent. the single cell divides in half to form new organisms metabolism combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out life homeostasis process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment evolution the change in a kind of organism overtime microscopes device that produces magnified images that you cant see with the human eye metric system system of measurement whose units are based on certain physical standards and are scaled on multiples of ten cell culture group of cells grown in a nutrient solution from a single cell cell fractionation technique in which cells are broken into pieces and different cell parts are separated Biosphere the part of earth that contains all ecosystems ( ecosystem community and its nonliving surroundings community populations that live together in a defines area populations group of organisms of one type that live in the same area organism individual living thing groups of cells tissues, organs and organ systems cells smallest functional unit of life molecules groups of atoms; smallest unit of most chemical compounds Levels of Organization Biosphere, Ecosystem, Community, Population, Organism, Groups of cells, Cells, Molecules