A summary of the events of the collapse of fascism and the restoration of democracy from 1943-6. Includes the Allied invasion of Italy, the Salo Republic, the Italian resistance 1943-5, and post-war Italy.
Restoration of Democracy 1943-6
The Allied invasion The Salo Republic
Mussolini’s liberation
Objectives - Germans wanted to use Mussolini as a rallying point for loyal
- Remove Italy from WWII fascists and maintain control in Italy
- Control the Mediterranean - Sept 1943 - 100 airborne troops landed at Mussolini’s place of
- Force Germany to divert divisions from the Western front capture, a ski resort
- Force Germany to divert division from France in preparation - Mussolini was flown to Munich and reunited w/ his wife and
for D-Day Hitler
Badoglio’s foreign policy decisions Features of the Salo Republic
- Announced that Italy would continue the war at Germany’s - Lasted 600 days
side but started secret peace negotiations w/ the Allies - Army of 150,000
- Germans were aware of the ‘secret negotiations’ and tripled the - Loyal fascist soldiers formed the ‘Black Brigades’ to police the
number of German troops in Italy Republic
- Sept 1943 - Badoglio requests armistice w/ the Allies - Produced its own flag, currency and stamps
- Italian armies disintegrated as the King abandoned central and - Italian air force continued to serve under Mussolini
N Italy to German forces - Mussolini created a constitution and declared Roman
- 600,000 Italian soldiers were captured and sent to Germany as Catholicism as the nat’l religion
PoWs - Conspirators againsst Mussolini in Fascist Grand Council were
shot, e.g. Ciano
Allied Italian campaign - Mussolini began to return to the more socialist founding
- Land battles from Sicily and S Italy up towards the border of principles of Fascism
Nazi-controlled Austria
- Fierce fighting in Anzio, Salerno, Monte Cassino Reasons for Mussolini’s limited power
- Attempts at sea landings but were defeated by German - Many Italians had completely lost faith in Mussolini
bombing - Republic was heavily dependent on Germany
- Allies achieved break out at Monte Cassino May 1944 - Mussolini was being treated as a puppet leader
- Shift in focus to D-Day lead to high casualties - American - Mussolini had lost much of his charisma and had ill health
casualties at Anzio = 59,000 - 1944 - partisans began to pose as a serious threat to German
forces
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