Portage Learning Anatomy and Physiology Questions and Answers 2024

Portage Learning Anatomy and Physiology Questions and Answers 2024 Anatomy Study of the structure of the body and how it is designed Physiology Study of how the human body functions Physiology depends on the anatomy of the body Levels of organization of the body 1. Chemical level (atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles) 2. Cell 3. Tissues 4. Organs 5. Organ systems 6. Organism Tissue Group of cells that perform a specific function Types of tissues Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous Epithelial Tissue Group of closely packed cells with very little matrix that cover the body surface and lines the cavities of the body. Can be found as one layer or many layers and are constantly under cell division to replace cells that shed away What are the epithelial cells specialized for? Secretion and absorption Muslce tissue Cells specialized for muscle contraction and allow us to move. Connective Tissue Group of cells specialized to provide support for the body and connects all of its parts. Include bones, ligaments, blood and tendons. Nervous Tissue A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body. Organ Group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function Organ System Group of organs that work together to perform a specific function Organsim A living thing Integumentary System Skin, hair, nails Acts as a barrier between the environement and tissues/organs in the body Produces vitamin D Contains pain/pressure receptors to protect us Protects organs from extreme temperature chagne Layers of the skin Epidermis (outer layer) Dermis (middle layer) Hypodermis/Subcutaneous (inner layer) Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Houses blood cells and minerals. Made up of bones and joints Muscular System Allows for movement of the body. Muscles attach to bones which allows the skeletal system to move. Types of muscle fiber Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac Muscle Found in the heart, involuntary and has striations Skeletal Muscle Found throughout the body, voluntary, striations Smooth muscle Found in the digestive tract, involuntary muscle contractions, no striations Nervous system The network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body. Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves Digestive System Breaks down food into small molecules and absorbs nutrients Endocrine System Chemical communication system Consist of glands that secret hormones Regulates the reproductive system and metabolism Metabolism All of the chemical reactions that occur win our body Catabolism Metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller building blocks, releasing energy. Anabolism Metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller molecules Cellular respiration Uses anabolism to breakdown food (glucose) and convert it into ATP 3 phases of cellular respiration 1. Glycolysis 2. Citric Acid Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain Glycolysis first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid and 2 ATP Citric acid cycle Breaks down each pyruvic acid into 2 more ATP Electron transport chain Uses electrons to produce 36-38 ATP ATP Adenosine triphosphate Main energy source that cells use to carry out their functions Cardiovascular System Heart and blood vessels carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body cells and carrying away waste Lymphatic System Responsible for immunity and fighting off disease Also part of the cardiovascular system - returns excess fluid back to the heart Major organs of the lymphatic system spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils Respiratory System Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide. Urinary System Involved in the excretion of waste from the body Regulates the water and electrolyte balance in the blood Excretion Ability to remove waste from the body What body systems carry out excretion? Urinary system Digestive system Respiratory system What body systems help move nutrient and waste throughout the body? Urinary system Cardiovascular system Digestive system Reproductive System Responsible for producing offspring Controlled by hormones (endocrine system)