NURSING NSG5003 Week 6 Mid-term

NURSING NSG5003 Week 6 Mid-term Why does tissue damage occurs in acute rejection after organ transplantation? a. Th1 cells release cytokines that activate infiltrating macrophages, and cytotoxic T cells directly attack the endothelial cells of the transplanted tissue. b. Circulating immune complexes are deposited in the endothelial cells of transplanted tissue, where the complement cascade lyses tissue. c. Receptors on natural killer cells recognize antigens on the cell surface of transplanted tissue, which releases lysosomal enzymes that destroy tissue. d. Antibodies coat the surface of transplanted tissue to which mast cells bind and liberate preformed chemical mediators that destroy tissue. Oncogenes are genes that are capable of: a. Undergoing mutation that directs the synthesis of proteins to accelerate the rate of tissue proliferation b. Directing synthesis of proteins to regulate growth and to provide necessary replacement of tissue c. Encoding proteins that negatively regulate the synthesis of proteins to slow or halt the replacement of tissue d. Undergoing mutation that directs malignant tissue toward blood vessels and lymph nodes for metastasis After the baroreceptor reflex is stimulated, the resulting impulse is transmitted from the carotid artery by which sequence of events? a. Vagus nerve to the medulla to increase parasympathetic activity and to decrease sympathetic activity b. Glossopharyngeal cranial nerve through the vagus nerve to the medulla to increase sympathetic activity and to decrease parasympathetic activity c. Glossopharyngeal cranial nerve through the vagus nerve to the medulla to increase parasympathetic activity and to decrease sympathetic activity d. Glossopharyngeal cranial nerve through the vagus nerve to the hypothalamus to increase parasympathetic activity and to decrease sympathetic activity. Regarding the endothelium, what is the difference between healthy vessel walls and those that promote clot formation? a. Inflammation and roughening of the endothelium of the artery are present. b. Hypertrophy and vasoconstriction of the endothelium of the artery are present. c. Excessive clot formation and lipid accumulation in the endothelium of the artery are present. d. Evidence of age-related changes that weaken the endothelium of the artery are present. What is the expected electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern when a thrombus in a coronary artery permanently lodges in the vessel and the infarction extends through the myocardium from the endocardium to the epicardium? a. Prolonged QT interval b. ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) c. ST depression myocardial infarction (STDMI) d. Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI) A patient reports sudden onset of severe chest pain that radiates to the back and worsens with respiratory movement and when lying down. These clinical manifestations describe: a. Myocardial infarction (MI) b. Pericardial effusion c. Restrictive pericarditis b. Pericardial effusion d. Acute pericarditis Respirations that are characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing are a result of which respiratory mechanism? a. Decreased blood flow to the medulla oblongata b. Increased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2), decreased pH, and decreased partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) c. Stimulation of stretch or J-receptors d. Fatigue of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm Which cytokines activated in childhood asthma produce an allergic response? a. Interleukin (IL)–1, IL-2, and interferon-alpha (IFN-α)