MI: PCR Exit Exam.

How many chromosomes do humans have? - correct answer 46 (23 pairs) How many base pairs are there in the human genome? - correct answer 3 billion How many genes do humans have? - correct answer about 21,000 How big is a chromosome in base pairs? - correct answer 130,434,782.6 How many genes are on each chromosome? - correct answer 913.04 Why do we need PCR? - correct answer genes are too small to see alone --- PCR makes millions of copies so we can see gene How are DNA strands organized? - correct answer complimentary and antiparallel First Step of PCR: - correct answer Denaturation: "melting" the DNA/Hydrogen bonds -- separates strands (95 C) Second Step of PCR: - correct answer Annealing: allows primer to bind to complimentary DNA (62-64 C) Third Step of PCR: - correct answer extension: Taq DNA Polymerase copies the DNA, starting where the primer is (72 C) What does DNA polymerase do? - correct answer build complimentary strand -- synthesizes DNA What is the job of DNA primers? - correct answer tells polymerase where to start (base pairs with DNA) How does DNA code for specific amino acids/proteins? - correct answer each base has 3 letters which code for specific amino acids How similar is everyone's DNA (strictly human)? - correct answer 99.9% What do you call it when one base pair is different? - correct answer single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) How do restriction enzymes know where to cut the DNA? - correct answer look for specific sequence---palindrome (same backwards and forwards) Does the PCR machine actually make the copies of the DNA? - correct answer no---only adjusts the temp---polymerase actually makes copies How do you figure out the "melting temp" of each strand? - correct answer every C-G pair formed between a primer and DNA adds 4 C; every A-T pair formed between a primer and DNA adds 2 C How do primers run in relation to the direction of DNA strands? - correct answer opposite direction to strand its on Where do restriction enzymes come from? - correct answer bacteria (in our experiment, we used Taq) something to copy --- DNA we started with - correct answer template What does PCR stand for? - correct answer polymerase chain reaction How many primers are used in PCR? - correct answer 2 Do polymerase start at the beginning of DNA and copy all the way to the end? - correct answer no -- starts and ends with primers