Lecture notes

Lecture notes Psychological themes (4204PSYSCI)

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Module
Psychological themes (4204PSYSCI)

Institution
Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU)

Lecture notes for module 4204-psychological themes Includes all theories and studies involved in the module for aggression, helping behaviour, stress and emotion.

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Uploaded on April 15, 2024
Number of pages 43
Written in 2022/2023
Type Lecture notes
Professor(s) Michael richer
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Aggression
Any form of behaviour which is directed toward the goal
of harming or injuring another living being who is being
motivated to avoid such treatment- Baron 1977

, Aggression Bandura-Social Learning Theory

Suggests that aggressive benaucour can be learnt by observing aggressive benaurour of others-
observational learning
In order for the behaviour to be reproduced
/

4 stages to this:
each one of the 4 stages must work
Attention-influenced by event attributes (prevalence

·
effectively .
and functional value and observer attributes (arousal,
self regulation and perceptual capabilities)

Retention-influenced by observer attributes e.g.
different memory encoding

/
Reproduction-for practice also influenced by observer
attributes

↑
Motivation-being motivated to imitate the behaviour is
what leads to reproduced behaviour. There must be
sufficient incentive to motivate the modelled behaviour

Self regulation explains how behaviour shifts from external sources to the individual. Judgmental self
reactions come into play whenever an action is is performed. Actions which measure up to internal
standards are judged positively and those which fall short of the standards are judged negatively.

Adults respond differently to children’s behaviour and this is what children take into
account when they’re formulating ideas on which behaviours are worthy of self blame
or self praise.
&
Children are reinforced by agents of socialisation to engage in self regulation-depends on
external factors

, Aggression Berkowitz-Cognitive Neoassociation
Model

-
Any aversive stimuli such as frustration, pain or noise, State of negative effect is unspecific
uncomfortablele temperature etc results in a negative effect. and includes rudimentary feelings,

.
↑ This state of negative effect is associated with an increases thoughts and memories of both anger
accessibility of memories associated with both fight and flight. (aggression) and fear (flight)

The differentiation between fight of Fight response (aggression)=feelings of irritation,
flight happens later in higher order anger an annoyance
cognitive processing-which leads to
either a fight or flight response and Flight response=feelings of fear
the associated feelings
Aversive stimuli

Negative effect
Bodily reactions, feelings, thoughts and Bodily reactions, feelings, thoughts and
memories associated with aggression memories associated with flight
(rudimentary feelings of anger) (rudimentary feelings of anger)
Higher order
cognitive processing

Fight Flight
irritation, annoyance or anger Fear
To explain the relationship, the theory postulates that everything we know is stored in our memory
in an associate network.

Concepts with a similar meaning and concepts which are constantly activated together
are strongly connected.
/

If one encounters a stimuli the associated concepts become activated and activate
concepts which are tightly linked to them.

The more activated a concept is, the more accessible it is to our consciousness and so
the more likely it is to effect our thoughts, feelings and behaviour

, Aggression Zillmann-Excitation Transfer Theory

The theory predicts that the intensity of aggressive behaviour is influenced by the arousal that is
attributed to the target of the aggression.
Arousal is often experienced without being aware of its origin The theory is not

:
and without clear knowledge of the instigating factor applicable if the individual
is not in the mood to
Arousal is therefore sometimes attributed to the object/ behaviour aggressively or
event/person that is most noticeable in a given situation and no original urge to behave
influence the cognitive and behavioural responses to the aggressively-the theory
object/event/person requires an urge/
tendency for aggression
If you already have the tendency or urge to behave
aggressively towards an object/person or event then arousal
can intensity the aggressive behaviour

If the arousal is attributed towards the target of aggression=aggression will increase

If the arousal is attributed towards something not associated it’s the target of
aggression=no effect on aggression

Attribution constitutes a misattribution if the &
Increased arousal level can:
experienced arousal isn’t correctly attriubuted Increase the intensity of aggressive behaviour and
towards its source also have no effect on the intensity

Excitation transfer refers to the attribution of arousal to an object/event/
person that is different from the source that has caused the experienced
arousal.

Need to know what misattribution is

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