TOK test - natural sciences Exam Questions with Complete Solutions

3 differences between science and pseudo-science: - ANSWER-1. Pseudo - done alone 2. No peer review 3. Doesn't follow the laws of nature Pseudo-science vagueness: - ANSWER-If a statement is sufficiently vague, it will be impossible to verify/falsify it, we need measurable criteria Ad hoc exceptions - ANSWER-A good scientific hypothesis is general in nature and does not keep from making exceptions every time it meets counter examples Inductivism - ANSWER-Observation, hypothesis, experiment, analyze data to accept/reject hypothesis, theory Inductive method - ANSWER-Controllability, measurability, repeatability Problems with observation - ANSWER-Relevance, expectations, expert seeing, observer effect Problems with testing hypothesis - ANSWER-Confirmation bias, background assumptions, under-determination, (principle discrepancy) Problems of induction - ANSWER-How many observations are needed before a generalization can be made? Main difference between natural science and human science - ANSWER-Natural science has concrete laws and more dependent on exact experimentation and doesn't involve humans Falsification - ANSWER-Inherent ability to prove that a statement, theory, hypothesis is false Auxiliary hypothesis - ANSWER-Extra hypothesis that you can make about a topic so it can't be falsified Kuhn's Revolution cycle - ANSWER-Normal science - anomaly - crisis - change in world view - pre-paradigm phase - new paradigm Knowledge framework - ANSWER-Scope/applications, concepts/language, methodology, historical development, links to personal knowledge