HSC Biology Exam Questions And Answers
Asexual reproduction
Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself
Sexual reproduction
A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a
new organism, which differs from both parents
External fertilisation
The process by which the female lays eggs and the male fertilizes them once they are outside of the
female
Internal fertilisation
fertilization of an egg by sperm that occurs inside the body of a female
Budding
Asexual reproduction in which a part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism
Spores
Asexual reproductive or resting cell capable of developing into a new organism without fusion with
another cell, in contrast to a gamete
Binary fission
A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of
the same size
Fertilisation
Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell
Implantation
process in which the blastocyst attaches to the wall of the uterus
Mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes
Meiosis
a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of
the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.
Watson-Crick Model
the double-helix structure of the DNA molecule
Nucleotide composition
phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base
,Nucleotide pairing
A with T & G with C -- This forms the double helix
Nucleotide bonding
A, T, C, G
Transcription
(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA
Translation
(genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of
a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm
mRNA
messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
Fertilisation in plants
If a pollen grain lands on the stigma of a plant, a pollen tube will grow out of the pollen grain, down
through the style to the ovary and into the ovule. A nucleus from the male gamete then moves down
the pollen tube and will fuse with the nucleus of the female gamete, which is fertilisation. A fertilised
female gamete forms a seeds and the ovary develops into a fruit around the seed.
Hormones
Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one
tissue and affect another
Angiosperms
flowering plants
Haploid
(genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes
Diploid
(genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number
Testosterone
Male sex hormone
Oestrogen
Female sex hormone which stimulates the lining of the womb to build up in preparation for a
pregnancy.
Progesterone
, hormone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary and the placenta of pregnant women
LH (luteinizing hormone)
Produced by Anterior lobe of Pituitary Gland. Targets ovaries and testes to stimulate estrogen
secretion and egg maturation; stimulates sperm production.
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
a hormone that influences the maturing of eggs and production of sperm
Vegetative propagation
A form of asexual reproduction in which plants produce genetically identical offshoots (clones) of
themselves, which then develop into independent plants.
Pollination
transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure
Germination
the process whereby seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow
DNA replication
DNA unzips into two parts and splits with the cell. In it's new home each side of the DNA strand attack
to matching nucleotides to create 2 exact copies. It is important in puberty and other times of growth
as it is the reproducing of your cells.
Interphase
Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division
Crossing over
Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main
constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.
Gene
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
Eucaryotes
a cell that differs from a prokaryotic cell chiefly by having a nuclear membrane, organelles, and
mitotic cell division
Asexual reproduction
Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself
Sexual reproduction
A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a
new organism, which differs from both parents
External fertilisation
The process by which the female lays eggs and the male fertilizes them once they are outside of the
female
Internal fertilisation
fertilization of an egg by sperm that occurs inside the body of a female
Budding
Asexual reproduction in which a part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism
Spores
Asexual reproductive or resting cell capable of developing into a new organism without fusion with
another cell, in contrast to a gamete
Binary fission
A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of
the same size
Fertilisation
Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell
Implantation
process in which the blastocyst attaches to the wall of the uterus
Mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes
Meiosis
a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of
the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.
Watson-Crick Model
the double-helix structure of the DNA molecule
Nucleotide composition
phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base
,Nucleotide pairing
A with T & G with C -- This forms the double helix
Nucleotide bonding
A, T, C, G
Transcription
(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA
Translation
(genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of
a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm
mRNA
messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
Fertilisation in plants
If a pollen grain lands on the stigma of a plant, a pollen tube will grow out of the pollen grain, down
through the style to the ovary and into the ovule. A nucleus from the male gamete then moves down
the pollen tube and will fuse with the nucleus of the female gamete, which is fertilisation. A fertilised
female gamete forms a seeds and the ovary develops into a fruit around the seed.
Hormones
Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one
tissue and affect another
Angiosperms
flowering plants
Haploid
(genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes
Diploid
(genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number
Testosterone
Male sex hormone
Oestrogen
Female sex hormone which stimulates the lining of the womb to build up in preparation for a
pregnancy.
Progesterone
, hormone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary and the placenta of pregnant women
LH (luteinizing hormone)
Produced by Anterior lobe of Pituitary Gland. Targets ovaries and testes to stimulate estrogen
secretion and egg maturation; stimulates sperm production.
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
a hormone that influences the maturing of eggs and production of sperm
Vegetative propagation
A form of asexual reproduction in which plants produce genetically identical offshoots (clones) of
themselves, which then develop into independent plants.
Pollination
transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure
Germination
the process whereby seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow
DNA replication
DNA unzips into two parts and splits with the cell. In it's new home each side of the DNA strand attack
to matching nucleotides to create 2 exact copies. It is important in puberty and other times of growth
as it is the reproducing of your cells.
Interphase
Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division
Crossing over
Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main
constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.
Gene
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
Eucaryotes
a cell that differs from a prokaryotic cell chiefly by having a nuclear membrane, organelles, and
mitotic cell division
