ANS 002 Midterm 1 exam fully solved & update

Ethology - answer-The study of animal behavior Instinct - answer-Reflexes and behavioral patterns that are inherently present at birth Habituation - answer-Lack of response to repeated stimulus Conditioning - answer-The process whereby an animal makes an association between a previously neutral stimulus or behavioral response and a previously significant stimulus Classical conditioning - answer-A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone Operant conditioning - answer-Learning to respond in a particular way to a stimulus as a result of reinforcement when the proper response is made Reinforcement - answer-A punishment or reward for making the proper response Trial and Error - answer-Trying different responses to a stimulus until the correct response is performed at which time the animal receives a reward Reasoning - answer-The ability to respond correctly to a stimulus the first time a new situation is presented Intelligence - answer-The ability to learn to adjust successfully to certain situations Imprinting - answer-Covers those processes where the helpless young bond to their caretaker - usually their dam Hand mated - answer-Bred artificially Pheromones - answer-Chemical substances that attract the opposite sex Flehmen - answer-A process during which the male animal lifts its head and curls its upper lip Winking - answer-The opening and closing of the vulva that occurs when mares are in heat Caregiving behavior - answer-Specifically related to mothering ability Care soliciting behavior - answer-Behavioral response by young animals seeking sustenance, protection, or comfort Agonistic behavior - answer-Includes behavior activities of fight and flight and those of aggressive and passive behavior when an animal is in contact (physically) with another animal of with livestock and poultry producers Ingestive behavior - answer-Behaviors associated with feed and water intake Rumination - answer-Involves a repetitive process where the cud (a fibrous feed mass) is regurgitated, chewed again, mixed with additional saliva, and then reswallowed Boluses - answer-A typically large in size capsule or pill administered to an animal Eliminative behavior - answer-Behaviors associated with defecation and urination Shrink - answer-Loss of weight Shelter seeking behavior - answer-Behaviors associated with responses to changes in weather conditions Investigating behavior - answer-Behaviors associated with exploring new or novel surroundings Allelomimetic behavior - answer-Doing the same thing - animals typically tend to follow the actions of other animals Buller steer syndrome - answer-A behavior problem where a steer has a sexual attraction to other steers in the pen; the steer is ridden y the other steers, resulting in poor performance and injury Anterior - answer-Toward the front Posterior - answer-Toward the back Cranial - answer-Toward the anterior or front of four-legged animals Caudal - answer-Toward the posterior or tail of four-legged animals Ventral - answer-Toward the belly Dorsal - answer-Toward the back Proximal - answer-Close to the midline Distal - answer-Away from the midline Lateral - answer-Toward the side or away from the midline Medial - answer-Toward the midline Superior - answer-Over, higher Inferior - answer-Under, lower Oviducts - answer-Also called the Fallopian tubes; transport ova and sperm and are the site of fertilization and early cleavage Uterus - answer-Assist in sperm transport, regulate the corpus luteum, acts as the site of implantation and pregnancy, and expels the fetus and fetal membranes Cervix - answer-Facilitates sperm transport and prevents uterine contamination; serves as a pathway to and from the uterus Vagina - answer-A relatively large canal or passageway that leads posterior to the external structures; copulatory organ and birth canal Ovaries - answer-Produce ova, estrogen, and progesteron Ova - answer-The largest single cells in the body; female sex cells; also called eggs Follicle - answer-A blisterlike, fluid-filled structure in the ovary that contains the egg Primiordial - answer-The least mature follicle Graafian - answer-The most mature follicle; capable of ovulation Corpus luteum - answer-"Yellow body"; produces progesterone Infundibulum - answer-Fingerlike projections that guide the ova into the tubular portion of the oviduct Parturition - answer-Birth; marks the termination of pregnancy; initiated by a release of the hormone cortisol from the fetal adrenal cortex Cloaca - answer-A common opening for reproductive and digestive tracts in poultry Infundibulum - answer-In poultry, the oviduct is divided into five parts; this is the first part and it receives the yolk Magnum - answer-In poultry, the oviduct is divided into five parts; this is the second part and it secretes the thick albumen (or white) of the egg Isthmus - answer-In poultry, the oviduct is divided into five parts; this is the third part and it adds the shell membranes Uterus - answer-(Also referred to as the shell gland) In poultry, the oviduct is divided into five parts; this is the fourth part and it secretes the thing white albumen (the shell) and the shell pigment Vagina - answer-In poultry, the oviduct is divided into five parts; this is the fifth part Testicles - answer-Produces testosterone and sperm Sperm - answer-The male sex cell Seminiferous tubules - answer-Minute tubules in the testicles in which sperm are produced Epididymis - answer-Concentrates, stores, matures, and transports sperm Scrotum - answer-A two-lobed sac that contains and supports testicles and regulates temperature Vas deferens - answer-(Also referred to as the ductus deferens) Transports sperm Accessory glands - answer-Adds fluids, nutrients, and buffers to semen Penis - answer-The male copulatory organ Ampulla - answer-A secretory gland that is due to the thickening of the vas deferens Testosterone - answer-A hormone that conditions the male so that his appearance and behavior are masculine Leydig cells - answer-(Also referred to as interstitial cells) The cells between the seminiferous tubules where testosterone is produced Urethra - answer-A large, muscular canal extending from the urinary bladder Glans penis - answer-The free end of the penis Sigmoid flexure - answer-The S curve of the penis that becomes straight when the penis is erect LH (luteinizing hormone) - answer-Produces its effect on the interstitial tissue of the testicle, causing the tissue to produce the male horomone, testosterone FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) - answer-A hormone produced and released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the development of the follicle in the ovary GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) - answer-Produced by the hypothalamus; stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH; released in the presence of estrogen when progesterone levels are low Estrogen - answer-Stimulates the release of GnRH and the sexual behavior of the female Estrous cycle - answer-A predictable pattern of reproductive events in female animals; typically ongoing in mature females until disrupted by other physiological events such as pregnancy or lactation Polyestrus - answer-Have regular, uniform estrous cycles that occur throughout the year Seasonally polyestrus - answer-Display a concentrated or clustered pattern of estrous cycle into specific seasons of the year Monoestrus - answer-Have only one estrous cycle per year Luteal phase - answer-One phase of the estrous cycle; approximately 80% of the cycle; extends from ovulation until regression of the corpus luteum during progesterone is the dominant hormone Follicular phase - answer-One phase of the estrous cycle; approximately 20% of the cycle; extends from corpus luteum regression to ovulation; estrogen is produced by the follicles is in control Proestrus - answer-The follicles form and produce estrogen Estrus - answer-Estrogen peaks and brings the female into heat during which time she exhibits sexual receptivity to the male Metestrus - answer-Occurs as the corpus luteum is formed and progesterone secretion is initiated Diestrus - answer-Defined by the sustained release of progesterone by the corpus luteum Estrus - answer-(Also referred to as heat) The period of time when the female will accept the male for breeding purposes Prostaglandin - answer-Causes the regression of the corpus luteum and thus declines levels of progesterone Fertilization - answer-The process in which a sperm unites with an egg to produce a zygote Conceptus - answer-Together the chorionic, allanotic, and amniotic membranes develop around the new embryo Placenta - answer-A temporary organ that facilitates the metabolic connection between the dam and fetus as well as producing hormones that maintain pregnancy, stimulate development of the mammary glands to prepare for lactation, and enhance growth of the fetus Placentation - answer-The formation or arrangement of a placenta or placentae in a female animal's uterus Diffuse - answer-Chorionic villi uniformly cover the surface of the chorion Cotyledonary - answer-Accomplished via a series of approximately 100 structures called placentomes Placetomes - answer-Specific structures of cotyledonary attachment Caruncle - answer-The maternal side of the placentome Cotyledon - answer-The fetal side of the placentome Zonary - answer-Involves the congregation of the villi into a specific zone or band on the surface of the chorion Discoid - answer-Involves one or two distinct disc-like structures that provide the site of exchange Simple diffusion - answer-Water and gases move from high to low concentrations Carrier diffusion - answer-Glucose the main source of fetal energy and other nutrients are transported via carrier molecules Active transport - answer-A system of pumps that move sodium, potassium, and calcium Afterbirth - answer-The time when extraembryonic membranes that had been formed around the embryo in early pregnancy are shed Artificial insemination - answer-Semen is deposited in the female reproductive tract by artificial techniques rather than by natural mating Libido - answer-Sexual drive Artificial vagina - answer-Constructed to be similar to an actual vagina; commonly used to collect semen from bulls, stallions, rams, buck goats, and rabbits Electroejaculator - answer-A probe that is inserted into the rectum and through a wave of electrical pules, ejaculation results Extender - answer-Mixed with the semen to dilute the ejaculate to a greater volume; usually composed of nutrients such as milk and egg yolk, citrate bugger, and antibiotics Standing heat - answer-The female stands still when mounted by a male or another female Teasing - answer-The process in which mares will be frequently exposed to a stallion Speculum - answer-A tube that allows the inseminator to observe the cervix in sheep and goats Estrous synchronization - answer-Involves controlling or manipulating the estrous cycle so that females in a herd express estrus at approximately the same time Prostaglandins - answer-Naturally occurring fatty acids that have important functions in several of the body systems MGA (melengestrol acetate) - answer-A feed additive that surpresses estrus in heifers and is widely used in the feedlot industry CIDR - answer-Controlled internal drug release device designed for synchronization programs PG 600 - answer-Pregnant mare serum gonadtropin Embryo transfer - answer-An embryo in its early stage of development is removed from its own mother's (the donor's) reproductive tract and transferred to another female's (the recipient's) reproductive tract Superovulation - answer-The artificially induced ovulation of more oocytes than is normal for the species; the production of a greater than normal number of eggs Cloning - answer-The process of creating a biological copy of an organism SCNT (somatic cell nuclear transfer) - answer-Involves the transfer of genetic material from the nucleus of one cell into a recipient, unfertilized egg that has had its nucleus removed prior to the exchange Lactation - answer-The production of milk by the mammary gland Exocrine gland - answer-A gland that secretes into a series of internal ducts leads to the external invironment Alveolus - answer-A hollow cluster of cells; secret milk Gland cistern - answer-A larger collection area that milk collects in during milk letdown Dry - answer-Refers to a nonlactating female Mastitis - answer-Inflammation of the udder Total solids - answer-Combined percentage of protein, lipids, lactose, and minerals in milk Lactose - answer-Milk sugar; when digested, it is broken down into one molecule of glucose and one of galactose Colostrum - answer-The first milk given by a female after delivery of her young; it is high in antibodies that protect young animals from invading microorganisms Animal behavior - answer-Actions and reactions of an animal Ethology - answer-The study of animal behavior Applied ethology - answer-The study of animal behavior in situations where they interact with humans Proximate causation - answer-"What causes the behavior?" Function - answer-"How does the behavior contribute to the animal's survival?" Development - answer-"How does the behavior change over the animal's lifetime?" Evolution - answer-"How did the behavior arise over the course of evolution?" Affect - answer-"What does the behavior mean to the animal?" Continuous - answer-Sampling continuously Instantaneous - answer-Sampling at predefined intervals One-zero - answer-Sampling within an interval Pampiniform plexus - answer-A network of many small veins found in the male spermatic cord; used to regulate the temperature in the testes Spermatogenesis - answer-The process of differentiation from a diploid spermatogonium to a haploid spermatocyte Theca cells - answer-Respond to LH and produce androgens Granulosa cells - answer-Respond to FSH and produce estradiol Blastocyst - answer-A hollow sphere of cells composed of two cell layers (the trophoblast) with a clump of cells inside (the ICM or inner cell mass) Blastocoele - answer-The fluid filled interior of the blastocyte ICM - answer-Contains the cells that will become the individual Trophoblast - answer-Form the extraembryonic membranes Extraembryonic membranes - answer-Provide protection for the embryo or fetus and act as a nutrient/waste exchange Amnion - answer-Surrounds the embryo; is fluid filled and acts as a shock absorber for protection Yolk sac - answer-Stores yolk (empty in mammals) Chorion - answer-An outer layer contributing to the placenta Allantois - answer-Outgrowth of bladder that serves for nutrient and waste exchange, respiration, and storage of urine Mammogenesis - answer-Mammary gland development; occurs at puberty; ductal elongation is promoted by estrogen and IGF-I; minimal alveolar development Lactogenesis - answer-Induction of lactation; occurs during pregnancy; ductal and alveolar growth; milk production and secretion initiated Galactopoiesis - answer-Maintenance of lactation Involution - answer-Stage four of mammary gland development; occurs at the end of lactation; regression of mammary gland to pre-pregnancy state