Cause correct answers explanation for some characteristic, attitude, or behavior of groups,
individuals, or other entities (such as families, organizations, or cities) or for events
Cause can be: correct answers nomothetic or ideographic
Ideographic correct answers individual events or the ...
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Cause correct answers explanation for some characteristic, attitude, or behavior of groups, individuals, or other entities (such as families, organizations, or cities) or for events
Cause can be: correct answers nomothetic or ideographic
Ideographic correct answers individual events or the behavior of individuals are explained with a
series of related, prior events
Nomothetic Causal Explanation correct answers a type of causal explanation involving the belief
that variation in an independent variable will be followed by variation in the dependent variable, when all other things are equal
Ceteris Paribus correct answers latin term meaning all other things being equal
Counterfactual correct answers the outcome that would have occurred if the subjects who were exposed to the treatment actually were not exposed but otherwise had had identical experiences to those they underwent during the experiment
Ideographic Causal Explanation correct answers an explanation that identifies the concrete, individual sequence of events, thoughts, or actions that resulted in a particular outcome for a particular individual or that led to a particular event; may be termed an individualist or historicist
explanation
Ideographic Perspective correct answers includes statements of initial conditions and then relates
a series of events at different times that led to the outcome, or causal effect
Context correct answers a focus of causal explanation; a particular outcome is understood as part
of a larger set of interrelated circumstances
Association correct answers a criterion for establishing a causal relationship between two variables: Variation in one variable is related to variation in another variable as a condition to determine causality
Time Order correct answers a criterion for establishing a causal relation between two variables; the variation in the independent variable must come before variation in the dependent variable
Nonspuriousness correct answers a relationship that exists between two variables that is not due to variation in a third variable
Spurious Relationship correct answers a relationship between two variables that is due to variation in a third variable
---correlation does not mean causation Extraneous Variable correct answers a variable that influences both the independent and dependent variables so as to create a spurious association between them that disappears when the
extraneous variable is controlled
Mechanism correct answers a discernible process that creates a causal connection between two variables
Contextual Effects correct answers relationships between variables that vary between geographic
units or other contexts
True Experiment correct answers experiment in which subjects are assigned randomly to an experimental group that receives a treatment or other manipulation of the independent variable and a comparison group that does not receive the treatment or receives some other manipulation. Outcomes are measured in a posttest
Factors of a True Experiment: correct answers - the time order is determined by the researcher
- experimental design provides the most powerful design for testing causal hypotheses about the effect of a treatment or some other variable whose values can be manipulated by the researchers
- powerful for testing causal hypotheses because it allows us to establish the three criteria for causality with a great deal of confidence
3 things a True Experiment must have: correct answers 1. Two Comparison Groups: one receiving the experimental condition (ed treatment or intervention), termed the experimental group, and the other receiving no treatment or intervention or another form thereof, termed the control or comparison group
2. Random Assignment: a procedure by which each experimental subject is placed in a group randomly
3. Assessment of Change: in the dependent variable for both groups after the experimental condition has been received
Cross-sectional Research correct answers study in which data are collected at only one point in time
Longitudinal Research Design correct answers studies in which data are collected at two or more
points in time and data can be ordered in time
Four special circumstances in which we can be more confident in drawing conclusions about time order on the basis of cross-sectional data: correct answers 1. The independent variable is fixed at some point prior to the variation in the dependent variable 2. We believe that respondents can give us reliable reports of what happened to them or what they thought at some earlier point in time
3. Our measures are based on records that contain information on cases in earlier periods
4. We know that the value of the dependent variable was similar for all cases prior to the treatment
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