Notes comparing spoken and written language for all exam boards and all levels of english language, includes terminology and definitions with applicable theories for analysis and exam questions.
labov's oral narrative structure
Abstract = indicates the start of a narrative
Orientation = provides context
Complicating action = main events
Resolution = what finally happened
Coda = narrative is complete
Evaluation = remarks that arent essential
Structure
Turn-taking >> the way in which speakers organise a conversation by speaking and listening
to other participants
Adjacency pairs >> a two-turn turn-taking structure in which 2 utterances are linked
Initiation-response-feedback >> a 3-turn structure between 2 speakers- 1 st and 3rd are the
same speaker – in which the 3rd turn comments on the second (seen in education)
Overlapping >> where one speaker begins to speak before the previous has finished
Topic management >> control of the subject matter of the conversation
Discourse marker >> indicates to listeners a change, return or different opinion of the topic
Back-channelling >> verbal and non-verbal signals which indicate active listening
Ellipses >> omission of words
Tag question >> a question formed by attaching an interrogative tag to a declarative
Comparing contrasting texts
Written and spoken texts
Written theories
Linguistic features – ideas and theories e.g gender, power, technology
AO4 – using appropriate linguistic concepts and methods, analyse the ways in which language is
used in these 2 texts
Utterance – we tend to speak in short stretches known as utterance
When answering the question
Don’t list
Find a similarity and zoom closer to see the fine differences – evaluate the differences in the
light if contextual factors
, Non-fluency features
Unfilled pauses
Filled pauses
Repetition/ spontaneous rephrasing
Hesitation
False starts when a speaker begins to speak, stops then starts again
Features of speech
Ellipses – the emission of words in an understanding manner, grammatically and lexically
correct and purposeful
Elision – the emission or slurring of one or more words together e.g gonna wassup
Deixis – words that only make sense in a specific context in which the conversation is taking
place
Skip connector – a word/phrase that returns conversation to a previous topic
Back channelling – signs listeners use to make the speaker know their message is being
understood
Hedging – words which soften/weaken the force of speech or avoid directness to appear
non-threatening
Repair – resolves problem or correction
Prosody – main prosodic features:
>> intonation – rising and falling
>> rhythm – depends stresses
>>pitch – frequency and volume
>>pace – tempo and speed
Discourse markers – pragmatic function (help listener follow conversation and to mark and
signal turn-taking)
Contraction – the shortening/running together of words, usually with an apostrophe
Phatic language – utterances for purely social function
Vague language – words without precise meaning
Dialect – words and grammar associated with a region
Taboo language – forbidden/inappropriate
Paralinguistic features – non-verbal communication, gestures, posture, facial expression
Prosodic features – the way a speaker communicates through tone, pace, stress, volume
Synchronous conversation – live communication
Achromous communication – communication does not occur live
Language levels
Lexis and semantics
Grammar and syntax
Discourse
Phonology
Graphology (never in spoken)
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