UNMC Patho 2 - Exam 1
Neoplasm - ANS-"new growth" tumor
neoplasm Does not obey laws - ANS-of normal cell growth
neoplasm continue to grow - ANS-at the expense of the host
cancer cells exhibit "autonomy" - ANS-independence from normal cellular controls
Cancer cells are also "anaplasia" - ANS-loss of differentiation or specialization
Benign - ANS-are NOT called "cancer" - tissue of orgin + "oma" ex benign tumor of fat
cells = LIPOMA
Malignant - ANS-cancer Mal=bad are usually named
cell differentiation - ANS-the normal process of developing specialized functions and
organization
undifferentiated, or poorly differentiated - ANS-malignant cells grade tumors by
differentiated
genetic basis of cancer - ANS-cancer is caused by mutations in genes
genetic events - ANS-are the primary basis of carcinogenesis
Inherited - ANS-when the genetic events occur in germ cells then of course can be
transmitted to future generations
Mutations occur in - ANS-germ cells (gametes) and then becomes inherited as the allele
is passed on
Non-inherited - ANS-when the genetic events occur in somatic cells occur in somatic
cells (as cells divide over a person's lifetime
Cancer incidence increases with - ANS-age - age is the biggest risk factor for cancer
oncogen - ANS-mutant gene that promotes cancer cell growth
, tumor suppressor gene - ANS-normally regulates (slows down proliferation)
Proto-oncogene - ANS-an oncogene in its normal non-mutant sate
point mutations - ANS-small DNA changes usually alteration of one or a few base pairs
- remember adenine-thymine and cytosine-guanine
Chromosome translocations - ANS-break occurs in 2 chromosome and genetic material
is exchanged
A. the translocation of the genetic material causes excess production of factors that lead
to cell proliferation the translocation leads to production of new
B. Proteins that have growth promoting properties
Chromosome amplifications - ANS-repeated duplication of a small piece of a
chromosome
this usually leads to increased expression of an oncogene
Viral and bacterial causes of cancer - ANS-cause-effect is difficult to determine in
humans
many associations have been established
viral: HBV -Hep B, HCV-Hep C, Herpes - lymphomes, HPV gential warts and cervical
cancer, Bacteria - H. pylori
Environmental Chemical cancer agents - ANS-cigarette smoke, insecticides, asbestos
Environmental Physical cancer agents - ANS-ultraviolet light, radiation
Environmental Viral cancer agents - ANS-HBV, HCV, Herpes, HPV
Personal behaviors that cause cancer - ANS-Tobacco use, diet (increased fat, low
fiber), Sexual reproductive (# of sex partners), Alcohol (liver cancer), Hormones (oral
contraceptive, hormone replacement)
Grade I: Well differentiated - ANS-tumor closely resembles tissue of origin and thus
retains some specialized functions
Grade II: Moderately differentiated - ANS-tumor has less resemblance to tissue of
origin; more variation in size and shape of tumor cells; increased mitoses
Neoplasm - ANS-"new growth" tumor
neoplasm Does not obey laws - ANS-of normal cell growth
neoplasm continue to grow - ANS-at the expense of the host
cancer cells exhibit "autonomy" - ANS-independence from normal cellular controls
Cancer cells are also "anaplasia" - ANS-loss of differentiation or specialization
Benign - ANS-are NOT called "cancer" - tissue of orgin + "oma" ex benign tumor of fat
cells = LIPOMA
Malignant - ANS-cancer Mal=bad are usually named
cell differentiation - ANS-the normal process of developing specialized functions and
organization
undifferentiated, or poorly differentiated - ANS-malignant cells grade tumors by
differentiated
genetic basis of cancer - ANS-cancer is caused by mutations in genes
genetic events - ANS-are the primary basis of carcinogenesis
Inherited - ANS-when the genetic events occur in germ cells then of course can be
transmitted to future generations
Mutations occur in - ANS-germ cells (gametes) and then becomes inherited as the allele
is passed on
Non-inherited - ANS-when the genetic events occur in somatic cells occur in somatic
cells (as cells divide over a person's lifetime
Cancer incidence increases with - ANS-age - age is the biggest risk factor for cancer
oncogen - ANS-mutant gene that promotes cancer cell growth
, tumor suppressor gene - ANS-normally regulates (slows down proliferation)
Proto-oncogene - ANS-an oncogene in its normal non-mutant sate
point mutations - ANS-small DNA changes usually alteration of one or a few base pairs
- remember adenine-thymine and cytosine-guanine
Chromosome translocations - ANS-break occurs in 2 chromosome and genetic material
is exchanged
A. the translocation of the genetic material causes excess production of factors that lead
to cell proliferation the translocation leads to production of new
B. Proteins that have growth promoting properties
Chromosome amplifications - ANS-repeated duplication of a small piece of a
chromosome
this usually leads to increased expression of an oncogene
Viral and bacterial causes of cancer - ANS-cause-effect is difficult to determine in
humans
many associations have been established
viral: HBV -Hep B, HCV-Hep C, Herpes - lymphomes, HPV gential warts and cervical
cancer, Bacteria - H. pylori
Environmental Chemical cancer agents - ANS-cigarette smoke, insecticides, asbestos
Environmental Physical cancer agents - ANS-ultraviolet light, radiation
Environmental Viral cancer agents - ANS-HBV, HCV, Herpes, HPV
Personal behaviors that cause cancer - ANS-Tobacco use, diet (increased fat, low
fiber), Sexual reproductive (# of sex partners), Alcohol (liver cancer), Hormones (oral
contraceptive, hormone replacement)
Grade I: Well differentiated - ANS-tumor closely resembles tissue of origin and thus
retains some specialized functions
Grade II: Moderately differentiated - ANS-tumor has less resemblance to tissue of
origin; more variation in size and shape of tumor cells; increased mitoses
