Orientation and Mobility Study Set Questions with Correct Answers.docx

Orientation and Mobility Study Set Questions with Correct A Flexion - Answer-bending of a joint; forward motion at the shoulder or hip Extension - Answer-straightening of a joint; backward motion at the shoulder or hip Dorsiflexion - Answer-bending at the ankle to point the foot upward Plantar Flexion - Answer-bending at the ankle to point the foot downward Lateral Flexion - Answer-bending the head or trunk to the side Abduction - Answer-Sideward motion of the upper arm or thigh away from midline Adduction - Answer-Sideward motion of the upper arm or thigh toward midline or across the body Internal Rotation - Answer-rotation of the arm about its axis to point the inner aspect of the upper arm backwards; rotation of the leg about its axis to point the toes toward the midline External Rotation - Answer-rotation of the arm about its axis to point the inner aspect of the upper arm forward; rotation of the leg about its axis to point the toes away from the midline Pronation - Answer-rotation of the forearm, turning the palm downward or backward Supination - Answer-rotation of the forearm, turning the palm upward or forward Ulnar Deviation - Answer-bending of the wrist toward the little-finger side Radial Deviation - Answer-bending of the wrist toward the thumb side Inversion - Answer-Motion of the foot facing the sole toward the midline Eversion - Answer-Motion of the foot facing the sole away from midline Horizontal Abduction - Answer-abduction from a previously flexed position Horizontal Adduction - Answer-adduction from a previously flexed position Circumduction - Answer-circular motion of the arm, leg, or head; combination of all of these motions Orbit - Answer-made up of seven triangular bones that form the eye socket and protect the eyeball from trauma Conjunctiva - Answer-transparent tissue covering the sclera and lines the inner surface of the eyelids Sclera - Answer-the white part of the eye Cornea - Answer-located in the front of the eye, made up of 5 layers of transparent tissue; where light first enters the eye Iris - Answer-the colored part of the eye, which is the muscle that controls the size of the pupil Ciliary Muscle - Answer-muscle that helps focus light on the retina by controlling the curvature of the lens of the eye Choroid - Answer-a layer of blood vessels that transport blood, oxygen, and nutrients to and from the eye Retina - Answer-the part of the eye that receives the light information from the environment and sends it to the brain through the optic nerve. Contains the cone and rod cells. Lens - Answer-the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina Optic Nerve - Answer-the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain Optic Chiasm - Answer-Point in the brain where the optic nerve fibers from each eye meet Occipital Lobes - Answer-the primary processing region of the brain Temporal Lobes - Answer-the part of the brain that helps in visual recognition of familiar or known objects Parietal Lobes - Answer-the part of the brain that aids in orientation and sense of direction; processes visual information such as length and depth Richard Hoover - Answer-"Father of O&M" with the cane. He was originator of cane techniques taught at Valley Forge Army Hospital. Dorothy Harrison Eustis - Answer-mother of guide dog movement, established the Seeing Eye in 1929. Russell William - Answer-Blinded veteran that united both cane use and use of other senses from Avon to round out the O&M program that was further developed at Hines VA Hospital, chief of the program at the Hines V.A., and "father" to several techniques used today Francis Campbell - Answer-Teacher @ Perkins who was blind. Informally taught O&M. Emigrated to England and founded the Royal Normal College and Academy of Music for the Blind. Father Thomas Carroll - Answer-Catholic Guild for the Blind, Chaplain at Avon. Hosted the Gloucester Conference to define mobility instructors role and training Mary E. Switzer - Answer-Director of Office of Vocational Rehabilitation of the Department of Medicine and Surgery 1954, helped get grants for O&M started at Boston College Warren Bledsoe - Answer-Part of initial War Blind Program at Valley Forge, perfected Hoover's techniques, used the blindfold to train trainers. ACVREP - Answer-Academy for Certification of Vision Rehabilitation & Education Professionals; certifying body for O&M AER - Answer-Association for Education and Rehabilitation of the Blind and Visually Impaired; organization dedicated to professionals who provide services to persons with vision loss AFB - Answer-American Federation for the Blind; est. 1921 for persons who are blind/VI CEC - Answer-Council for Exceptional Children; international organization dedicated to improving successes of youth who are disabled IMC - Answer-International Mobility Congress; international organization dedicated to understanding mobility, and make it safe, inclusive and sustainable JVIB - Answer-Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness; scholarly articles related to blindness/VI Valley Forge Army Hospital - Answer-Origination of O&M or "foot travel" with soldiers coming back from WWII and development of cane techniques. Avon Program - Answer-Second portion of rehab in Army hospital limited to 18 weeks. Did not recognize O&M or need for a cane and instead promoted "facial vision" or obstacle detection/echo location. Hines Hospital - Answer-Army program provided a model and structure that was later replicated by university preparation programs; combined social and travel training aspects of the profession's programs, including blindfolded instructor candidates Gloucester Conference - Answer-national conference held in 1959 (sponsored by NFB) to establish criteria for selection of O&M personnel, develop curriculum, recommend length of preparation and appropriate sponsorship. Boston College - Answer-Starts first university program for O&M in 1960 COMSTAC Report - Answer-Commission on Standards and Accreditation of Services for the Blind (1961)- lead to development of standards and a process for certifying O&M specialists. Proprioception - Answer-awareness of position of body in space Vestibular - Answer-awareness of movement of body Macular Degeneration - Answer-Condition in which the macula (specialized part of the retina responsible for central vision) loses its ability to function efficiently. Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) - Answer-A progressive degeneration of the retina that affects night vision and peripheral vision. Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) - Answer-A condition resulting from administration of an excessive concentration of oxygen at birth; may cause retinal detachments. Glaucoma - Answer-A condition which causes elevation of intraocular pressure resulting in the damage to the optic nerve and, initially, peripheral vision loss. Diabetic Retinopathy - Answer-disease of the retina in diabetics characterized by capillary leakage, bleeding, and new vessel formation (neovascularization) leading to scarring and loss of vision Cortical Vision Impairment (CVI) - Answer-visual impairment caused by damage to the brain. This can result in visual field loss and/or acuity loss or inability to understand the information gathered by the eyes and sent to the brain. Optic Nerve Hypoplasia (ONH) - Answer-congenital disorder characterized by underdevelopment of the optic nerves Cone-Rod Dystrophy - Answer-vision loss starts with the cones and then affects the rods; an initial loss of color vision and of visual acuity is followed by nyctalopia (night blindness) and loss of peripheral visual fields. Rod-Cone Dystrophy - Answer-vision loss starts with the rods and then affects the cones; first night blindness usually in childhood, second field loss- starts with spots and slowly form a ring (tunnel vision); affects peripheral which includes motion; over years finally to blindness. Retinoblastoma - Answer-eye cancer that occurs most often in children; begins with a tumor on the retina. Refractive Errors - Answer-defects in the bending of light as it enters the eye, causing an improper focus on the retina; myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, presbyopia OU - Answer-abbreviation meaning both eyes on eye reports OS - Answer-abbreviation meaning the left eye on eye reports OD - Answer-abbreviation meaning the right eye on eye reports Audiogram - Answer-A graphic representation of the relation of vibration frequency and the minimum sound intensity for hearing Intensity - Answer-the level of sound power measure in decibels; perceived as loudness Frequency - Answer-the range of sound pitch measured in hertz (Hz) Phase - Answer-relative starting point of a waveform; position of the vibrating molecules, measured in degrees Pitch - Answer-How high or low a sound is Decibel - Answer-A unit used to compare the loudness of different sounds. "X" on an Audiogram - Answer-symbol for air conduction in the left ear on an audiogram "O" on an Audiogram - Answer-symbol for air conduction in the right ear on an audiogram "" on an Audiogram - Answer-symbol for bone conduction in the right ear on an audiogram